{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412965256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc62753.2025.11079138","title":"Unsupervised Learning of Physical Effort: proposal of a simple metric for wearable devices","display_name":"Unsupervised Learning of Physical Effort: proposal of a simple metric for wearable devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412965256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc62753.2025.11079138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc62753.2025.11079138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc62753.2025.11079138","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043970942","display_name":"Grazia Iadarola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7093-2733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grazia Iadarola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic University of Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074662751","display_name":"Gloria Cosoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-208X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167322064","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi eCampus","ror":"https://ror.org/006maft66","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167322064"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gloria Cosoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["eCampus University,Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences,Novedrate,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eCampus University,Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences,Novedrate,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167322064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008994816","display_name":"Lorenzo Scalise","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Scalise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic University of Marche,Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences,Ancona,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Marche,Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060478515","display_name":"Susanna Spinsante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7323-4030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanna Spinsante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic University of Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043970942"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7789,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74396493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9498000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.7683647274971008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7401823997497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6752316951751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6708203554153442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.5656296014785767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5159457325935364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41797104477882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41325491666793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3930182456970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12997987866401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.12678176164627075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7683647274971008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7401823997497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6752316951751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6708203554153442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.5656296014785767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5159457325935364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41797104477882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41325491666793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3930182456970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12997987866401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.12678176164627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc62753.2025.11079138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc62753.2025.11079138","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniecampus.it:11389/75475","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11079138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400077","display_name":"IRIS eCampus Telematic University (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi eCampus)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I167322064","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi eCampus","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167322064"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/347674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/347674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154503388","https://openalex.org/W2475767983","https://openalex.org/W2601591590","https://openalex.org/W2772813481","https://openalex.org/W3106597262","https://openalex.org/W3115631929","https://openalex.org/W3124930403","https://openalex.org/W3202766605","https://openalex.org/W4200004056","https://openalex.org/W4212915654","https://openalex.org/W4214873075","https://openalex.org/W4220917183","https://openalex.org/W4283736160","https://openalex.org/W4403492644","https://openalex.org/W4404586799","https://openalex.org/W4405945533"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2566526749","https://openalex.org/W3047461507","https://openalex.org/W3126390843","https://openalex.org/W4245880644","https://openalex.org/W4312415459","https://openalex.org/W2528680939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detection":[0],"of":[1,7,20,24,55,89,123,125,161,170,187,194],"physical":[2,32,56,90,162,195],"effort":[3,33,57,143],"through":[4],"the":[5,16,21,28,38,49,53,120,129,146,159,177,184,191],"analysis":[6,148],"physiological":[8,22,59,101],"parameters":[9],"is":[10,34,71,94,135,149,180],"a":[11,84,97],"challenging":[12],"endeavor,":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,30,36,45,142,182,190],"intrinsically":[17],"complex":[18],"nature":[19],"condition":[23],"fatigue":[25],"status.":[26],"Indeed,":[27],"possibility":[29],"categorize":[31],"critical":[35],"reduce":[37],"associated":[39],"risks,":[40],"particularly":[41],"among":[42],"people":[43],"exposed":[44],"heavy":[46],"workload.":[47],"On":[48],"other":[50],"hand,":[51],"as":[52,168],"effects":[54],"on":[58,96,152],"signals":[60,102,153],"are":[61],"not":[62,72],"univocal,":[63],"data":[64],"labeling":[65],"commonly":[66],"applied":[67],"in":[68],"machine":[69],"learning":[70,88],"always":[73],"possible,":[74],"and":[75,114,157],"unsupervised":[76,87],"methods":[77],"must":[78],"be":[79,105],"investigated.":[80],"This":[81],"paper":[82],"presents":[83],"method":[85,93,179],"for":[86,172],"effort.":[91,196],"The":[92,164],"based":[95],"metric":[98,118],"exploiting":[99],"two":[100],"that":[103,176],"can":[104],"easily":[106],"acquired":[107,154],"by":[108,137],"wearable":[109],"devices,":[110],"namely,":[111],"heart":[112,126],"rate":[113],"skin":[115],"conductance.":[116],"Such":[117],"has":[119],"same":[121],"unit":[122],"measurement":[124],"rate,":[127],"i.e.,":[128],"beats":[130],"per":[131],"minute,":[132],"but":[133],"it":[134],"characterized":[136],"greater":[138],"information":[139],"content":[140],"related":[141],"levels.":[144],"Then,":[145],"experimental":[147],"carried":[150],"out":[151],"before,":[155],"during":[156],"after":[158],"execution":[160],"activity.":[163],"Davies-Bouldin":[165],"index,":[166],"chosen":[167],"figure":[169],"merit":[171],"performance":[173],"analysis,":[174],"shows":[175],"proposed":[178],"able":[181],"identify":[183],"proper":[185],"number":[186],"clusters,":[188],"corresponding":[189],"different":[192],"levels":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}