{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400114511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10561175","title":"Echocardiogram Vector Embeddings Via R3D Transformer for the Improvement of Ejection Fraction Estimation Instruments","display_name":"Echocardiogram Vector Embeddings Via R3D Transformer for the Improvement of Ejection Fraction Estimation Instruments","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400114511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10561175"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10561175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10561175","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071960286","display_name":"Somin Mindy Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4036-417X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Somin Mindy Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Dept. of Electrical &#x0026; Computer Engineering,Toronto,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Dept. of Electrical &#x0026; Computer Engineering,Toronto,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111242132","display_name":"Daniel Chung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037834971","display_name":"Vasu Kaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasu Kaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Dept. of Electrical Eng. &#x0026; Comp. Sci.,Cambridge,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Dept. of Electrical Eng. &#x0026; Comp. Sci.,Cambridge,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100557676","display_name":"Yongyi Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongyi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Dept. of Electrical Eng. &#x0026; Comp. Sci.,Cambridge,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Dept. of Electrical Eng. &#x0026; Comp. Sci.,Cambridge,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018306647","display_name":"Irbaz Bin Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4249-0311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irbaz Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic,Dept. of Medicine,Scottsdale,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic,Dept. of Medicine,Scottsdale,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039803594","display_name":"Sudheesha Perera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9674-7130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudheesha Perera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University,Providence,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University,Providence,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099635896","display_name":"Prabhu Sasankan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabhu Sasankan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internal Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"George Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine University of California, Irvine,Irvine,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine University of California, Irvine,Irvine,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103017921","display_name":"Po\u2010Chih Kuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4020-3147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Chih Kuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Dept. of Computer Science,Hsinchu City,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Dept. of Computer Science,Hsinchu City,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031422443","display_name":"Jacques Kpodonu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7222-2786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacques Kpodonu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiac Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiac Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099635895","display_name":"Brigitte Kazzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brigitte Kazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham and Women&#x0027;s Hospital,Dept. of Medicine,Boston,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham and Women&#x0027;s Hospital,Dept. of Medicine,Boston,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031401755","display_name":"Leo Anthony Celi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-6626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Anthony Celi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Computational Physiology Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Computational Physiology Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071960286"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3881,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64033692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10821","display_name":"Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10821","display_name":"Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10372","display_name":"Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5757014751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45478877425193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fraction","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","score":0.4233858585357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16012167930603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13061663508415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.09900075197219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.05428880453109741}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5757014751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45478877425193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4233858585357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16012167930603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13061663508415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.09900075197219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.05428880453109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10561175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10561175","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109712401","https://openalex.org/W2131386049","https://openalex.org/W2619947201","https://openalex.org/W2883429621","https://openalex.org/W2896287590","https://openalex.org/W2913705661","https://openalex.org/W2963155035","https://openalex.org/W2963640720","https://openalex.org/W2974289453","https://openalex.org/W3003299879","https://openalex.org/W3013692475","https://openalex.org/W3176164334","https://openalex.org/W4283755957","https://openalex.org/W4310951050","https://openalex.org/W4320024029","https://openalex.org/W4362617830","https://openalex.org/W4366775279","https://openalex.org/W4384130083","https://openalex.org/W6955071965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,193],"estimation":[1,68],"of":[2,35,73,87,145,151,156,163,180,183,190,195,205],"ejection":[3],"fraction":[4,130,162],"(EF)":[5],"is":[6,199],"critical":[7],"to":[8,16,55,82,120],"intensive":[9],"care.":[10],"Doctors":[11],"commonly":[12],"use":[13],"estimated":[14],"EF":[15,25,57,67,89,185],"create":[17],"plans":[18],"for":[19,116],"ICU":[20],"patients,":[21],"and":[22,91,147],"a":[23,111,142,148,161],"low":[24],"can":[26,51,79],"indicate":[27],"ventricular":[28,125],"systolic":[29],"dysfunction,":[30],"which":[31,78],"increases":[32],"the":[33,61,84,154,164,169,181,188,202,206],"risk":[34],"adverse":[36],"events":[37],"including":[38],"heart":[39],"failure.":[40],"Recently,":[41],"interest":[42],"has":[43],"grown":[44],"in":[45],"deep":[46,113],"learning":[47,114],"(DL)":[48],"instruments":[49],"that":[50,208],"measure":[52],"cardiac":[53],"activity":[54],"estimate":[56],"automatically.":[58],"In":[59,96],"particular,":[60],"vector":[62,170],"embeddings":[63,171],"learned":[64,172,209],"by":[65,173,201],"DL-based":[66,88,184],"models":[69],"provide":[70,100],"valuable":[71],"mappings":[72],"echocardiograms":[74],"within":[75],"latent":[76],"space,":[77],"be":[80],"utilized":[81],"understand":[83],"error":[85],"patterns":[86],"estimators":[90],"thus":[92],"improve":[93],"these":[94,191,196],"instruments.":[95,192],"this":[97,104,174],"work,":[98],"we":[99,106],"those":[101],"embeddings.":[102],"To":[103],"end":[105],"repurpose":[107],"an":[108],"R3D":[109,139],"transformer,":[110],"state-of-the-art":[112],"model":[115,140,175,207],"Video":[117],"Action":[118],"Recognition,":[119],"classify":[121],"whether":[122],"patients":[123],"have":[124],"dysfunction":[126],"or":[127,132],"not":[128],"(ejection":[129],"below":[131],"above":[133],"50%)":[134],"using":[135],"echocardiogram":[136],"data.":[137],"Our":[138],"achieves":[141],"test":[143,149],"AUC":[144],"0.916":[146],"accuracy":[150],"87.5%,":[152],"approaching":[153],"performance":[155],"previous":[157],"comparable":[158],"studies":[159],"with":[160],"training":[165],"time.":[166],"Most":[167],"importantly,":[168],"will":[176],"enable":[177],"future":[178],"analysis":[179],"errors":[182],"estimators,":[186],"democratizing":[187],"improvement":[189],"quality":[194],"embeddings,":[197],"furthermore,":[198],"evidenced":[200],"strong":[203],"results":[204],"them.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
