{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400114329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560561","title":"Mental Effort Detection When Using a Motor Imagery-Based Brain-Computer Interface","display_name":"Mental Effort Detection When Using a Motor Imagery-Based Brain-Computer Interface","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400114329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560561","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070660716","display_name":"Pasquale Arpa\u00efa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-5922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pasquale Arpaia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DI-ETI),Naples,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DI-ETI),Naples,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042686110","display_name":"Antonio Esp\u00f3sito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3761-2401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Esposito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DI-ETI),Naples,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DI-ETI),Naples,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103275987","display_name":"Ludovica Gargiulo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3305-2515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludovica Gargiulo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DI-ETI),Naples,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DI-ETI),Naples,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026061024","display_name":"Nicola Moccaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1035-5740"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Moccaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab),Naples,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab),Naples,Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016713291","display_name":"Angela Natalizio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6261-7741"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Natalizio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab),Naples,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab),Naples,Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083651301","display_name":"Marco Parvis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9723-6188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Parvis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino,Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET),Turin,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino,Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET),Turin,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114183805","display_name":"Rachele Robbio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachele Robbio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DI-ETI),Naples,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DI-ETI),Naples,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8938946723937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.8386311531066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7280203700065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6070309281349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.493587851524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44610726833343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-image","display_name":"Mental image","score":0.43983593583106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4364285171031952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.26750195026397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.19403529167175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.16282546520233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.14448696374893188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08190959692001343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8938946723937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.8386311531066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7280203700065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6070309281349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.493587851524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44610726833343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4051589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860959","display_name":"Mental image","level":3,"score":0.43983593583106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4364285171031952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.26750195026397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.19403529167175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.16282546520233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.14448696374893188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08190959692001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560561","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509510967","https://openalex.org/W1983291852","https://openalex.org/W1990230541","https://openalex.org/W2003025525","https://openalex.org/W2039711008","https://openalex.org/W2042863771","https://openalex.org/W2080025545","https://openalex.org/W2153221439","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2162315021","https://openalex.org/W2585455042","https://openalex.org/W2792198252","https://openalex.org/W2793587136","https://openalex.org/W2794783191","https://openalex.org/W2799634159","https://openalex.org/W2805668192","https://openalex.org/W2910201321","https://openalex.org/W3108747700","https://openalex.org/W3110059001","https://openalex.org/W3128470542","https://openalex.org/W3133755492","https://openalex.org/W4200587848","https://openalex.org/W4205604104","https://openalex.org/W4229379116","https://openalex.org/W4280622938","https://openalex.org/W4281919143","https://openalex.org/W4285791924","https://openalex.org/W4294120448","https://openalex.org/W4308602937","https://openalex.org/W4312984402","https://openalex.org/W4382133642","https://openalex.org/W4387802403"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1513407214","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2047816336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"wearable":[1,261],"electroencephalographic":[2],"(EEG)":[3],"device-based":[4],"method":[5,36],"for":[6,84,89,169],"the":[7,10,25,49,61,76,85,90,97,100,116,123,134,138,160,166,170,175,222,240,250,282,285],"classification":[8],"of":[9,27,99,115,137,153,182,229,242,252,260],"mental":[11,68,117,149,171],"effort":[12,83,118,150,172,255],"during":[13,66,264],"motor":[14,55,265,270],"imagery":[15,56,266,271],"is":[16],"presented.":[17],"The":[18,35,112,187,216],"solution":[19],"can":[20,273],"be":[21,274],"used":[22],"to":[23,143,280,284],"improve":[24],"training":[26,283],"novice":[28,286],"surgeons":[29,287],"involved":[30],"in":[31,53,128,165,174,237,256],"minimally":[32],"invasive":[33],"surgery.":[34],"was":[37,94,219],"validated":[38],"on":[39,75,133,195,201,207,213,221],"a":[40,72,80,277],"public":[41],"dataset":[42,78],"comprising":[43],"recordings":[44],"from":[45],"two":[46],"participant":[47],"groups:":[48],"control":[50,91,139,176],"group":[51,63,87],"(engaging":[52],"pure":[54],"tasks":[57],"without":[58],"feedback)":[59],"and":[60,147,159,210,288],"neurofeedback":[62,86,223],"(receiving":[64],"feedback":[65],"their":[67],"tasks).":[69],"In":[70,141],"particular,":[71],"previous":[73],"work":[74,248],"same":[77,217],"found":[79],"higher":[81],"cognitive":[82,254],"than":[88],"group,":[92,177,224],"which":[93],"confirmed":[95],"by":[96,121,258,276],"results":[98,241],"NASA-TLX":[101],"questionnaire.":[102,246],"EEG":[103,113,135,157,262],"signals":[104],"were":[105,119],"acquired":[106],"with":[107,130,239],"an":[108,179,226],"8-electrode":[109],"dry":[110],"device.":[111],"features":[114,158,189],"identified":[120,190],"using":[122],"Sequential":[124],"Feature":[125],"Selector":[126],"(SFS),":[127],"combination":[129,168],"different":[131],"classifiers,":[132],"data":[136],"group.":[140],"order":[142],"classify":[144],"between":[145],"low":[146],"high":[148],"(baseline":[151],"accuracy":[152,181,228],"50":[154],"%),":[155],"four":[156],"Multi-Layer":[161],"Perceptron":[162],"classifier":[163],"resulted":[164],"best":[167],"assessment":[173],"achieving":[178,225],"average":[180,227],"82.1":[183],"\u00b1":[184,231],"8.7":[185],"%.":[186,233],"4":[188],"were:":[191],"(i)":[192],"theta-to-alpha":[193],"ratio":[194,200,206],"Fz":[196],"channel,":[197,203,209],"(ii)":[198],"beta-to-delta":[199],"O1":[202],"(iii)":[204],"theta-to-beta":[205],"FP1":[208,214],"(iv)":[211],"(thcta+alpha)/beta":[212],"channel.":[215],"pipeline":[218],"employed":[220],"84.0":[230],"6.8":[232],"These":[234],"findings":[235],"are":[236],"accordance":[238],"NASA":[243],"-":[244],"TLX":[245],"This":[247],"demonstrated":[249],"feasibility":[251],"assessing":[253],"real-time":[257],"means":[259],"device":[263],"tasks.":[267],"Thus,":[268],"neurofeedback-supported":[269],"systems":[272],"enriched":[275],"new":[278],"module":[279],"adapt":[281],"optimise":[289],"learning":[290],"outcomes.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
