{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384158682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176114","title":"Laplacian-Based Focus Measure Allows Rapid Focus Estimation of Annular Regions in Gray-Scale Images","display_name":"Laplacian-Based Focus Measure Allows Rapid Focus Estimation of Annular Regions in Gray-Scale Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384158682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176114","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/145321462/Masetti_etal_IEEE_I2MTC_2023_Laplacian_Based_Focus_Measure_Allows_Rapid_Focus.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009081271","display_name":"Ettore Masetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8491-3859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ettore Masetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”,Modena,Italy,41125"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”,Modena,Italy,41125","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029884840","display_name":"Mario Giardini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4849-9683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Ettore Giardini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre,Department of Biomedical Engineering,Glasgow,G4 0NW"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre,Department of Biomedical Engineering,Glasgow,G4 0NW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056630421","display_name":"Marco Ruggeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-8476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","display_name":"University of Miami","ror":"https://ror.org/02dgjyy92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Ruggeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bascom Palmer Eye Institute - Ophthalmology University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine,Miami,FL,Stati Uniti,33136"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute - Ophthalmology University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine,Miami,FL,Stati Uniti,33136","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086682881","display_name":"Luigi Rovati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Rovati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”,Modena,Italy,41125"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”,Modena,Italy,41125","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1492,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47733906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.7683107852935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6347610950469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5602836608886719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-plane","display_name":"Image plane","score":0.5319528579711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-optics","display_name":"Adaptive optics","score":0.52037113904953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5153100490570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autofocus","display_name":"Autofocus","score":0.5098056197166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.45128706097602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.448354572057724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.25127363204956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19726073741912842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18854346871376038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.7683107852935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6347610950469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5602836608886719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120515352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564580","display_name":"Image plane","level":3,"score":0.5319528579711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.52037113904953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5153100490570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103764139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210008","display_name":"Autofocus","level":3,"score":0.5098056197166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.45128706097602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.448354572057724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25127363204956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19726073741912842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18854346871376038}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176114","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:86297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/929040.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:discovery.dundee.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/b762dc01-2198-4d3d-8d7a-a5b3b2190859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/b762dc01-2198-4d3d-8d7a-a5b3b2190859","pdf_url":"https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/145321462/Masetti_etal_IEEE_I2MTC_2023_Laplacian_Based_Focus_Measure_Allows_Rapid_Focus.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400523","display_name":"Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","host_organization_name":"University of Dundee","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Masetti, E, Giardini, M E, Ruggeri, M & Rovati, L 2023, Laplacian-Based Focus Measure Allows Rapid Focus Estimation of Annular Regions in Gray-Scale Images. in 2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)., 10176114, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6, 2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, I2MTC 2023, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 22/05/23. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC53148.2023.10176114","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1319226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1319226","pdf_url":"https://iris.unimore.it/bitstream/11380/1319226/1/Laplacian-Based_Focus_Measure_Allows_Rapid_Focus_Estimation_of_Annular_Regions_in_Gray-Scale_Images.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:discovery.dundee.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/b762dc01-2198-4d3d-8d7a-a5b3b2190859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/b762dc01-2198-4d3d-8d7a-a5b3b2190859","pdf_url":"https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/145321462/Masetti_etal_IEEE_I2MTC_2023_Laplacian_Based_Focus_Measure_Allows_Rapid_Focus.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400523","display_name":"Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","host_organization_name":"University of Dundee","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Masetti, E, Giardini, M E, Ruggeri, M & Rovati, L 2023, Laplacian-Based Focus Measure Allows Rapid Focus Estimation of Annular Regions in Gray-Scale Images. in 2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)., 10176114, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6, 2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, I2MTC 2023, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 22/05/23. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC53148.2023.10176114","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384158682.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965475047","https://openalex.org/W2016687440","https://openalex.org/W2079162471","https://openalex.org/W2099601760","https://openalex.org/W2765924412","https://openalex.org/W2999082355","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3174050003","https://openalex.org/W3204754049","https://openalex.org/W6641535783","https://openalex.org/W6803376173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2811488463","https://openalex.org/W2016648070","https://openalex.org/W3174546380","https://openalex.org/W3183276109","https://openalex.org/W3131796352","https://openalex.org/W2990667865","https://openalex.org/W2154757407","https://openalex.org/W1511650216","https://openalex.org/W2004643608","https://openalex.org/W2891108385"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Important":[0],"ophthalmic":[1,48],"imaging":[2,73],"techniques,":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"fundus":[6],"camera":[7],"imaging,":[8],"utilize":[9],"light":[10],"sources":[11],"that":[12],"need":[13],"to":[14,27,100,105,141],"be":[15,28,106],"focused":[16],"on":[17,96,124],"an":[18,22,97,146],"annular":[19,98,143],"section":[20],"of":[21,35,39,58,128,145,151,155],"eye":[23,72],"surface.":[24],"In":[25,67,113],"order":[26],"performed":[29],"dynamically,":[30],"this":[31,114],"requires":[32],"real-time":[33],"control":[34],"the":[36,40,53,82,102,149],"focus":[37,133,137],"plane":[38],"illumination":[41,103],"optics.":[42],"When":[43],"considering":[44],"adaptive":[45,93],"focusing":[46,142],"in":[47,56,81],"instruments,":[49],"liquid":[50,76],"lenses":[51,77],"represent":[52],"best":[54],"compromise":[55],"terms":[57],"tunability,":[59],"tuning":[60],"range,":[61],"compactness,":[62],"numerical":[63],"aperture,":[64],"and":[65,110],"speed.":[66],"recent":[68],"years,":[69],"several":[70],"compact":[71],"devices":[74],"using":[75],"have":[78],"been":[79],"described":[80],"literature.":[83],"These":[84],"would":[85],"benefit":[86],"from":[87],"low":[88],"computational":[89,156],"complexity":[90],"algorithms":[91],"for":[92],"local":[94],"auto-focus":[95],"region,":[99],"allow":[101],"optics":[104],"controlled":[107],"by":[108],"low-cost":[109],"low-power":[111],"electronics.":[112],"paper,":[115],"we":[116],"propose":[117],"a":[118,125,129,152],"novel":[119],"radial-focus":[120],"evaluation":[121,138],"method":[122],"based":[123],"revised":[126],"version":[127],"more":[130],"traditional":[131],"Laplacian-based":[132],"estimator.":[134],"This":[135],"radial":[136],"is":[139],"targeted":[140],"sections":[144],"image,":[147],"with":[148],"advantage":[150],"drastic":[153],"reduction":[154],"complexity.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-21T07:57:09.225873","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}