{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384158622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176014","title":"A Rayleigh-Ritz Autoencoder","display_name":"A Rayleigh-Ritz Autoencoder","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384158622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176014","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035823794","display_name":"Anika Terbuch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-1367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182712176","display_name":"Montanuniversit\u00e4t Leoben","ror":"https://ror.org/02fhfw393","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anika Terbuch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leoben,Chair of Automation,Austria","Chair of Automation, University of Leoben, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leoben,Chair of Automation,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Automation, University of Leoben, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101881088","display_name":"Paul O\u2018Leary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1367-8270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182712176","display_name":"Montanuniversit\u00e4t Leoben","ror":"https://ror.org/02fhfw393","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul O'Leary","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leoben,Chair of Automation,Austria","Chair of Automation, University of Leoben, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leoben,Chair of Automation,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Automation, University of Leoben, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054389258","display_name":"Dimitar Ninevski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0101-8686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182712176","display_name":"Montanuniversit\u00e4t Leoben","ror":"https://ror.org/02fhfw393","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitar Ninevski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leoben,Chair of Automation,Austria","Chair of Automation, University of Leoben, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leoben,Chair of Automation,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Automation, University of Leoben, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084250838","display_name":"Elias Jan Hagendorfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3261-2819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135925","display_name":"Materials Center Leoben (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/04s620254","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135925"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Jan Hagendorfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials Center Leoben,Leoben,Austria","Materials Center Leoben, Leoben, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials Center Leoben,Leoben,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials Center Leoben, Leoben, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037602134","display_name":"Elke Schlager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8880-6283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elke Schlager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know-Center GmbH,Graz,Austria","Know-Center GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know-Center GmbH,Graz,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know-Center GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032892794","display_name":"Andreas Windisch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5146-8960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Windisch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know-Center GmbH,Graz,Austria","Know-Center GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know-Center GmbH,Graz,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know-Center GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077884784","display_name":"Christoph Schweimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6422-7437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Schweimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know-Center GmbH,Graz,Austria","Know-Center GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know-Center GmbH,Graz,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know-Center GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035823794"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182712176"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4997,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60020965,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7493996620178223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cauchy-distribution","display_name":"Cauchy distribution","score":0.5317415595054626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-value-problem","display_name":"Boundary value problem","score":0.5284692645072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5193537473678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumentation","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","score":0.4480663537979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42790839076042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.37559396028518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37080082297325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3103887438774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.19388264417648315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7493996620178223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49344536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726441","display_name":"Cauchy distribution","level":2,"score":0.5317415595054626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182310444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643","display_name":"Boundary value problem","level":2,"score":0.5284692645072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5193537473678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4480663537979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42790839076042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.37559396028518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37080082297325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3103887438774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.19388264417648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10176014","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W298868600","https://openalex.org/W1627568958","https://openalex.org/W1975903129","https://openalex.org/W1990043408","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2154642048","https://openalex.org/W2160610041","https://openalex.org/W2163849031","https://openalex.org/W2181347294","https://openalex.org/W2505225485","https://openalex.org/W2760972773","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2899283552","https://openalex.org/W2902291030","https://openalex.org/W2935339072","https://openalex.org/W2948978827","https://openalex.org/W2993115696","https://openalex.org/W3004547276","https://openalex.org/W3014022300","https://openalex.org/W3041682155","https://openalex.org/W3043383266","https://openalex.org/W3093446992","https://openalex.org/W3103674763","https://openalex.org/W3152567630","https://openalex.org/W3160491585","https://openalex.org/W3163993681","https://openalex.org/W3164791059","https://openalex.org/W3171202467","https://openalex.org/W3209120121","https://openalex.org/W3209132135","https://openalex.org/W4221167294","https://openalex.org/W4239343052","https://openalex.org/W4288039037","https://openalex.org/W6610643398","https://openalex.org/W6682610290","https://openalex.org/W6685777803","https://openalex.org/W6771058871","https://openalex.org/W6809987127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W4386815338","https://openalex.org/W2145836866","https://openalex.org/W2803255133"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ahstract-":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"presents":[3],"a":[4,13,39,53,120],"new":[5,92],"architecture":[6],"for":[7,21],"unsupervised":[8],"hybrid":[9],"machine":[10,56],"learning,":[11],"called":[12],"Rayleigh-Ritz":[14,93],"Autoen-":[15],"coder":[16],"(RRAE).":[17],"It":[18,107],"is":[19,35,82],"suitable":[20],"applications":[22],"in":[23,49,104,159],"instrumentation":[24,100],"and":[25,101,116,137],"measurement":[26,102],"where":[27],"the":[28,46,50,73,80,109,117,132,140,144,149],"system":[29],"being":[30],"observed":[31],"by":[32],"multiple":[33,114],"sensors":[34,115],"well":[36],"modeled":[37],"as":[38],"boundary":[40,121],"value":[41,122],"problem.":[42,123],"The":[43,59,91,146],"embedding":[44],"of":[45,65,111,119,134,143,155],"admissible":[47],"functions":[48],"decoder":[51],"implements":[52],"truly":[54],"physics-informed":[55],"learning":[57],"architecture.":[58],"RRAE":[60,81],"provides":[61],"an":[62,99],"exact":[63],"fulfillment":[64],"Neumann,":[66],"Cauchy,":[67],"Dirichlet,":[68],"or":[69],"periodic":[70],"constraints.":[71],"Only":[72],"encoder":[74],"needs":[75],"to":[76,98,130,138],"be":[77],"trained;":[78],"consequently,":[79],"numerically":[83],"more":[84],"efficient":[85],"during":[86],"training":[87],"than":[88],"traditional":[89],"autoencoders.":[90],"Autoencoder":[94],"has":[95,127],"been":[96,128],"applied":[97],"problem":[103],"structural":[105],"monitoring.":[106],"involves":[108],"fusion":[110],"data":[112],"from":[113,148],"solution":[118],"A":[124],"1-norm":[125],"minimization":[126],"chosen":[129],"minimize":[131],"effects":[133],"non-Gaussian":[135],"perturbations":[136],"demonstrate":[139],"non-linear":[141],"abilities":[142],"RRAE.":[145],"results":[147],"tunnel":[150],"monitoring":[151],"application":[152],"over":[153],"months":[154],"work":[156],"are":[157],"presented":[158],"detail.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}