{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176926846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460046","title":"Recurrent LSTM Architecture for Appliance Identification in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring","display_name":"Recurrent LSTM Architecture for Appliance Identification in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176926846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460046","mag":"3176926846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460046","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031068931","display_name":"Laura de Diego-Ot\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4939-2987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laura de Diego-Oton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069928827","display_name":"David Fuentes-Jim\u00e9nez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6424-4782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Fuentes-Jimenez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063313091","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9308-8133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro Hernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016818614","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Nieto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8293-9665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruben Nieto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031068931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7046,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84167832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7468613982200623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7138303518295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.645405650138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.6041685938835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5825780034065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.5771353244781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5149722695350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.49625831842422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mains-electricity","display_name":"Mains electricity","score":0.4898764491081238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4836748540401459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4456270635128021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-profile","display_name":"Load profile","score":0.42770740389823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4239305257797241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3879314661026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36780765652656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3598310649394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3389996886253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19653314352035522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12282931804656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09964090585708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08048215508460999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7468613982200623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7138303518295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.645405650138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.6041685938835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5825780034065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.5771353244781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5149722695350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.49625831842422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184773241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387400","display_name":"Mains electricity","level":3,"score":0.4898764491081238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4836748540401459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4456270635128021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777908891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806775","display_name":"Load profile","level":3,"score":0.42770740389823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4239305257797241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3879314661026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36780765652656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3598310649394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3389996886253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19653314352035522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12282931804656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09964090585708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08048215508460999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460046","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4772217714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCG19/IA-076,CM/JIN/2019-043,PEJD-2019-POST/TIC-16729","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","funder_display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575617279","https://openalex.org/W1586249865","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1980082502","https://openalex.org/W1994042232","https://openalex.org/W2005828157","https://openalex.org/W2026804618","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2078921071","https://openalex.org/W2119018277","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2151729265","https://openalex.org/W2255051834","https://openalex.org/W2616473319","https://openalex.org/W2734543588","https://openalex.org/W2773902172","https://openalex.org/W2794835514","https://openalex.org/W2804306644","https://openalex.org/W2889888923","https://openalex.org/W2897435227","https://openalex.org/W2900732415","https://openalex.org/W2948816168","https://openalex.org/W2953012688","https://openalex.org/W2970408831","https://openalex.org/W3008901316","https://openalex.org/W3010208964","https://openalex.org/W3054239538","https://openalex.org/W3095472304","https://openalex.org/W3145034363","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6645289208","https://openalex.org/W6741187949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W3022067003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-Intrusive":[0],"Load":[1],"Monitoring":[2],"(NILM)":[3],"techniques":[4,86],"are":[5,34],"commonly":[6],"used":[7],"to":[8,65,71,77,107],"measure":[9],"and":[10,69,175,186],"identify":[11],"the":[12,38,52,57,73,78,109,113,123,142,164,177,182,206,209,235],"power":[13,165],"consumption":[14],"of":[15,18,41,80,112,125,144,181,208,223],"different":[16,91,183,192],"types":[17],"household":[19,119],"appliances,":[20],"starting":[21],"from":[22,27,152],"an":[23,169,230],"aggregated":[24],"signal":[25],"obtained":[26],"a":[28,81,105,117,135,153],"single":[29,154],"measurement":[30],"point.":[31],"Currently,":[32],"they":[33],"often":[35],"based":[36,149],"on":[37,56,150],"extended":[39],"deployment":[40],"smart":[42],"meters":[43],"(SM)":[44],"carried":[45,203],"out":[46,204],"in":[47,51,90,116,122,234],"most":[48],"developed":[49],"countries":[50],"last":[53],"decade.":[54],"Based":[55],"measurements":[58,151],"acquired":[59,167],"by":[60,168],"SMs,":[61],"it":[62],"is":[63,202],"possible":[64],"disaggregate":[66],"energy":[67,96,139],"consumption,":[68],"then":[70,173],"identity":[72],"corresponding":[74],"loads":[75],"plugged":[76],"mains":[79],"house":[82],"or":[83,102],"building.":[84],"NILM":[85],"can":[87],"be":[88],"applied":[89],"application":[92],"fields,":[93],"such":[94],"as":[95,104,171],"efficiency,":[97],"active":[98],"demand":[99],"response":[100],"management,":[101],"even":[103],"way":[106],"infer":[108],"behaviour":[110],"patterns":[111],"people":[114],"living":[115],"certain":[118],"under":[120],"monitoring,":[121],"context":[124],"Ambient":[126],"Intelligence":[127],"for":[128,138,217],"Independent":[129],"Living":[130],"(AIIL).":[131],"This":[132],"paper":[133],"presents":[134],"new":[136],"approach":[137],"disaggregation":[140],"through":[141,205],"use":[143,207],"Recurrent":[145],"Neural":[146],"Networks":[147],"(RNN)":[148],"point":[155],"at":[156],"low":[157],"sampling":[158],"rates.":[159],"The":[160,199],"proposed":[161],"framework":[162],"takes":[163],"signals":[166],"SM":[170],"inputs,":[172],"pre-processes":[174],"detects":[176],"on/off":[178],"switching":[179],"events":[180],"appliances":[184],"considered,":[185],"finally":[187],"classifies":[188],"them":[189],"using":[190],"two":[191],"Long":[193],"Short":[194],"Term":[195],"Memory":[196],"(LSTM)-based":[197],"topologies.":[198],"proposal":[200],"validation":[201],"well-known":[210],"public":[211],"dataset":[212],"Building":[213],"Level":[214],"fUlly":[215],"labelled":[216],"Electricity":[218],"Disaggregation":[219],"(BLUED).":[220],"Several":[221],"configurations":[222],"classification":[224,232],"topologies":[225],"have":[226],"been":[227],"compared,":[228],"obtaining":[229],"average":[231],"accuracy":[233],"experimental":[236],"results":[237],"that":[238],"exceeds":[239],"85%.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}