{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174167574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9459944","title":"\u201cFrequency\u201d and the PMU standard","display_name":"\u201cFrequency\u201d and the PMU standard","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174167574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9459944","mag":"3174167574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9459944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9459944","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065571905","display_name":"Artis Riepnieks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4566-3399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Riepnieks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015010921","display_name":"Dani Strickland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-4479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Strickland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070492422","display_name":"D. R. White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-7943"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.R. White","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054467548","display_name":"Harold Kirkham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-7586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Kirkham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065571905"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2005,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49666409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor-measurement-unit","display_name":"Phasor measurement unit","score":0.7401921153068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/units-of-measurement","display_name":"Units of measurement","score":0.715739369392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.7132551074028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.6780899167060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.663027286529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor","display_name":"Phasor","score":0.5519605278968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5355000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4867432117462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-uncertainty","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","score":0.46311676502227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.45886915922164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.42662298679351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.38330763578414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3561483323574066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2716336250305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2174128293991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12434148788452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10654333233833313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778229166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8290","display_name":"Phasor measurement unit","level":5,"score":0.7401921153068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151233233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47574","display_name":"Units of measurement","level":2,"score":0.715739369392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.7132551074028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6780899167060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.663027286529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.5519605278968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5355000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4867432117462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.46311676502227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.45886915922164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.42662298679351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.38330763578414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3561483323574066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2716336250305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2174128293991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12434148788452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10654333233833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9459944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9459944","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1208443458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-76RL0 1830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101770898","https://openalex.org/W2132085292","https://openalex.org/W2134117535","https://openalex.org/W2155833003","https://openalex.org/W2165878107","https://openalex.org/W2169791062","https://openalex.org/W2315991258","https://openalex.org/W2560834834","https://openalex.org/W2750184279","https://openalex.org/W2787325176","https://openalex.org/W2868492034","https://openalex.org/W2905189932","https://openalex.org/W2972627174","https://openalex.org/W3096431091","https://openalex.org/W4231796025","https://openalex.org/W4252280934","https://openalex.org/W4256635952","https://openalex.org/W4292232852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028471916","https://openalex.org/W2547260311","https://openalex.org/W1589114377","https://openalex.org/W2154842468","https://openalex.org/W2536794900","https://openalex.org/W1538400183","https://openalex.org/W2564500233","https://openalex.org/W1995635042","https://openalex.org/W2999493000","https://openalex.org/W2025215636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,79],"Phasor":[1],"Measurement":[2],"Unit":[3],"(PMU)":[4],"has":[5],"revolutionized":[6],"power":[7,22,90],"system":[8,91],"management":[9],"by":[10],"providing":[11],"high-resolution,":[12],"time-stamped,":[13],"spatial,":[14],"and":[15,37,70,86],"temporal":[16],"measurements":[17,47],"of":[18,21,39,43,88],"the":[19,25,28,46,50,61,68,71,76,84],"state":[20],"systems.":[23],"However,":[24],"standards":[26],"defining":[27],"measured":[29],"quantities":[30],"have":[31,49],"ambiguities":[32],"that":[33],"cause":[34],"uncertainty,":[35],"irreproducibility,":[36],"loss":[38],"interoperability":[40],"during":[41],"periods":[42],"change":[44],"where":[45],"should":[48],"greatest":[51],"value.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54],"examines":[55],"PMU":[56],"frequency":[57],"measurement":[58],"to":[59,75,82],"highlight":[60],"problems.":[62],"It":[63],"develops":[64],"some":[65],"suggestions":[66],"for":[67],"scope":[69],"next":[72],"evolutionary":[73],"improvements":[74],"documentary":[77],"standards.":[78],"aim":[80],"is":[81],"improve":[83],"meaningfulness":[85],"trustworthiness":[87],"dynamic":[89],"measurements.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
