{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039947371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9129531","title":"Classifying Cannabis Sativa Flowers, Stems and Leaves using Statistical Machine Learning with Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging","display_name":"Classifying Cannabis Sativa Flowers, Stems and Leaves using Statistical Machine Learning with Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039947371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9129531","mag":"3039947371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9129531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9129531","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056288083","display_name":"W.S. Holmes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I872614749","display_name":"Unitec Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01px84952","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152882","https://openalex.org/I872614749"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wayne S. Holmes","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085724017","display_name":"Melanie Po\u2010Leen Ooi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1623-0105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melanie Po-Leen Ooi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Waikato, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Waikato, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068939902","display_name":"Ye Chow Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5423-9653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Chow Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Waikato, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Waikato, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039563261","display_name":"Ray Simpkin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150510651","display_name":"Callaghan Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/02n25sf77","country_code":"NZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150510651"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray Simpkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transducers and Sensing, Callaghan Innovation, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transducers and Sensing, Callaghan Innovation, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150510651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016370880","display_name":"Irene Lopez-Ubiria","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irene Lopez-Ubiria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rua Bioscience Ltd, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rua Bioscience Ltd, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050764337","display_name":"Alvaro Vidiella","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro Vidiella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rua Bioscience Ltd, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rua Bioscience Ltd, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053677555","display_name":"Dan Blanchon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7931-5499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I872614749","display_name":"Unitec Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01px84952","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152882","https://openalex.org/I872614749"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Blanchon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School. of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School. of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048292309","display_name":"Gourab Sen Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-0335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gourab Sen Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087503126","display_name":"Serge Demidenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9883-9311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serge Demidenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056288083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3631,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7663106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.9245345592498779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cannabis-sativa","display_name":"Cannabis sativa","score":0.8848313093185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop","display_name":"Crop","score":0.6505097150802612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.48947250843048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.47212323546409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profitability-index","display_name":"Profitability index","score":0.45540958642959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-production","display_name":"Crop production","score":0.4347432255744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.42180299758911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.4155576527118683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.41370198130607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3685615062713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36835068464279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26956215500831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.26392775774002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture","display_name":"Horticulture","score":0.222861647605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19949311017990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1635144054889679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15665683150291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1500203013420105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.9245345592498779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992191599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26726","display_name":"Cannabis sativa","level":2,"score":0.8848313093185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.6505097150802612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.48947250843048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.47212323546409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.45540958642959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989409935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Crop production","level":3,"score":0.4347432255744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.42180299758911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.4155576527118683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.41370198130607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3685615062713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36835068464279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26956215500831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.26392775774002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.222861647605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19949311017990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1635144054889679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15665683150291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1500203013420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9129531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9129531","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527736890","https://openalex.org/W1558901573","https://openalex.org/W1588401315","https://openalex.org/W1978141156","https://openalex.org/W2070534370","https://openalex.org/W2079109804","https://openalex.org/W2146354524","https://openalex.org/W2149081460","https://openalex.org/W2169492153","https://openalex.org/W2282484587","https://openalex.org/W2972617339","https://openalex.org/W4206704294","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4290805830","https://openalex.org/W6633575042","https://openalex.org/W6635310694","https://openalex.org/W6682307015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W4299590383","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2600147222","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2070598848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"jurisdictions":[1],"around":[2],"the":[3,8,56,59,68,75,83,95,99,113],"world":[4],"have":[5],"now":[6],"legalized":[7],"production":[9],"of":[10,61,77],"medicinal":[11],"cannabis":[12],"products.":[13],"Consequently,":[14],"Cannabis":[15,69,84],"sativa":[16,70,85],"start":[17],"to":[18,33,64,81,118],"emerge":[19],"as":[20,89],"an":[21],"economically":[22],"significant":[23],"agricultural":[24],"crop.":[25,96],"Hyperspectral":[26],"sensing":[27,63],"tools":[28],"are":[29],"employed":[30],"in":[31,43,55],"agriculture":[32],"gather":[34],"just-in-time":[35],"non-contact":[36],"and":[37,40,66,92,122],"non-destructive":[38],"health":[39],"growth":[41],"information":[42],"high-value":[44],"crop":[45,120],"production.":[46],"Unfortunately,":[47],"no":[48],"data":[49],"or":[50],"reports":[51],"can":[52],"be":[53],"found":[54],"literature":[57],"on":[58,94,112],"use":[60,76],"hyperspectral":[62,78],"monitor":[65],"evaluate":[67],"plants.":[71],"This":[72,97],"paper":[73],"investigates":[74],"near-infrared":[79],"imaging":[80],"identify":[82],"plant":[86],"components":[87],"such":[88],"flowers,":[90],"stems":[91],"leaves":[93],"is":[98],"first":[100],"step":[101],"towards":[102],"developing":[103],"a":[104],"real-time":[105],"monitoring":[106],"system":[107],"that":[108],"would":[109],"support":[110],"decision-making":[111],"optimal":[114],"daily":[115],"growing":[116],"conditions":[117],"improve":[119],"yield":[121],"profitability.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}