{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039409504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9128489","title":"Detecting Defects in Photovoltaic Cells and Panels With the Help of Time-Resolved Thermography Under Outdoor Environmental Conditions","display_name":"Detecting Defects in Photovoltaic Cells and Panels With the Help of Time-Resolved Thermography Under Outdoor Environmental Conditions","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039409504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9128489","mag":"3039409504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9128489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9128489","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009753625","display_name":"Christian Schuss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7758-3628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Schuss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083175940","display_name":"Kari Remes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kari Remes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058899126","display_name":"Kimmo Lepp\u00e4nen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134248","display_name":"Mettler-Toledo (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/03bmq2475","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134248"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimmo Leppanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mettler-Toledo GmbH, SBU AutoChem, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mettler-Toledo GmbH, SBU AutoChem, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020308370","display_name":"Juha Saarela","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Saarela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087171304","display_name":"Tapio Fabritius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4729-8740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapio Fabritius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026900447","display_name":"Bernd Eichberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5165-1458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Eichberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronic Sensor Systems, Graz University of Technology, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Sensor Systems, Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088828732","display_name":"Timo Rahkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1343-1120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Rahkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems (CAS) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems (CAS) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6983,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64589054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10624","display_name":"Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermography","display_name":"Thermography","score":0.9327165484428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.7900401949882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5211275219917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.5131176114082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5022358894348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaics","display_name":"Photovoltaics","score":0.49033689498901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4176156520843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.32343143224716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2355618178844452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2345184087753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17337635159492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09603169560432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08638069033622742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779222261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624587","display_name":"Thermography","level":3,"score":0.9327165484428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7900401949882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5211275219917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.5131176114082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5022358894348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542589376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192127","display_name":"Photovoltaics","level":3,"score":0.49033689498901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4176156520843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.32343143224716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2355618178844452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2345184087753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17337635159492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09603169560432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08638069033622742}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9128489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9128489","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2020100277671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2020100277671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017793245","https://openalex.org/W2025130988","https://openalex.org/W2034226332","https://openalex.org/W2055620549","https://openalex.org/W2105877423","https://openalex.org/W2120797863","https://openalex.org/W2126814208","https://openalex.org/W2131841686","https://openalex.org/W2240478571","https://openalex.org/W2328413760","https://openalex.org/W2379354547","https://openalex.org/W2502086978","https://openalex.org/W2545971934","https://openalex.org/W2582151580","https://openalex.org/W2763277974","https://openalex.org/W2790462309","https://openalex.org/W2887930542","https://openalex.org/W2965293753","https://openalex.org/W2965768831","https://openalex.org/W2970924744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W423694295","https://openalex.org/W4310007303","https://openalex.org/W2224543647","https://openalex.org/W35959284","https://openalex.org/W2286188758","https://openalex.org/W2141980482","https://openalex.org/W4310584159","https://openalex.org/W2900544575","https://openalex.org/W4391030883","https://openalex.org/W2513461979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"defects":[3,128],"in":[4,10,73,85,129],"photovoltaic":[5],"(PV)":[6],"cell":[7],"and":[8,14,34,48,67,91],"panels,":[9],"particular,":[11],"the":[12,28,53,70,74,83,116],"size":[13],"location":[15],"of":[16,30,55,118],"defects.":[17],"We":[18,59,81],"concentrate":[19],"on":[20,115],"characterising":[21],"photovoltaics":[22],"under":[23,43],"outdoor":[24,104],"environmental":[25],"conditions":[26],"with":[27,52,127],"help":[29,54],"synchronized":[31],"thermography":[32,36],"(ST)":[33],"time-resolved":[35],"(TRT).":[37],"Infrared":[38],"(IR)":[39],"images":[40],"are":[41],"obtained":[42,63],"changing":[44],"solar":[45],"radiation":[46],"levels":[47],"moderate":[49],"wind":[50],"speeds":[51],"a":[56,119],"table":[57],"IR-camera.":[58],"demonstrate":[60],"that":[61],"IR-images":[62,78],"outdoors":[64],"by":[65],"ST":[66],"TRT":[68],"provide":[69],"same":[71,75],"information":[72],"accuracy":[76],"as":[77,88],"recorded":[79],"indoors.":[80],"elaborate":[82],"differences":[84],"parameters":[86],"such":[87],"measurement":[89],"time":[90],"region-of-interest":[92],"(ROI)":[93],"which":[94],"need":[95],"to":[96,103,111,123],"be":[97],"adjusted":[98],"when":[99],"moving":[100],"from":[101],"indoor":[102],"environments.":[105],"Our":[106],"technique":[107],"allows":[108],"maintenance":[109],"staff":[110],"carry":[112],"out":[113],"measurements":[114],"site":[117],"PV":[120,125],"power":[121],"plant":[122],"identify":[124],"panels":[126],"an":[130],"easy":[131],"way.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
