{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2735367697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2017.7969784","title":"An open source analogue to digital converter for power system measurements with time synchronisation","display_name":"An open source analogue to digital converter for power system measurements with time synchronisation","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2735367697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2017.7969784","mag":"2735367697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc.2017.7969784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2017.7969784","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002744648","display_name":"David Laverty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5697-0546"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David M. Laverty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy, Power & Intelligent Control (EPIC) Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Power & Intelligent Control (EPIC) Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084954272","display_name":"John Hastings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-4662"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Hastings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy, Power & Intelligent Control (EPIC) Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Power & Intelligent Control (EPIC) Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101766557","display_name":"Xiaodong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-4418"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy, Power & Intelligent Control (EPIC) Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy, Power & Intelligent Control (EPIC) Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002744648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.146,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50670446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.718065083026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6551306843757629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5373820662498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.5371255278587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.519698441028595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor-measurement-unit","display_name":"Phasor measurement unit","score":0.5126244425773621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5097050666809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/units-of-measurement","display_name":"Units of measurement","score":0.48943987488746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4744616150856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.43166255950927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4193595051765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor","display_name":"Phasor","score":0.3633836507797241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3270973265171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24079027771949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21419450640678406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.718065083026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6551306843757629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5373820662498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.5371255278587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.519698441028595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778229166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8290","display_name":"Phasor measurement unit","level":5,"score":0.5126244425773621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5097050666809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151233233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47574","display_name":"Units of measurement","level":2,"score":0.48943987488746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4744616150856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43166255950927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4193595051765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.3633836507797241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3270973265171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24079027771949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21419450640678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc.2017.7969784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2017.7969784","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/8e661cfe-0c91-4227-b098-4aba42d95ed8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/8e661cfe-0c91-4227-b098-4aba42d95ed8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Laverty , D M , Hastings , J &amp; Zhao , X 2017 , An open source analogue to digital converter for power system measurements with time synchronisation . in I2MTC 2017 - 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Proceedings . , 7969784 , I2MTC 2017 - 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Proceedings , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, I2MTC 2017 , Torino , Italy , 22/05/2017 . https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC.2017.7969784","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2381163874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M000656/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4205205259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M002837/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5423916968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L001063/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W208605634","https://openalex.org/W2046433916","https://openalex.org/W2125787228","https://openalex.org/W2138143921","https://openalex.org/W2528195002","https://openalex.org/W4242508569"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2947261585","https://openalex.org/W2028471916","https://openalex.org/W2547260311","https://openalex.org/W1589114377","https://openalex.org/W1538400183","https://openalex.org/W2154842468","https://openalex.org/W2536794900","https://openalex.org/W2564500233","https://openalex.org/W1995635042","https://openalex.org/W2096980798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,68],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"an":[3,105,138],"open":[4,147],"source":[5],"analogue":[6],"to":[7,11,25,32,46,98,103],"digital":[8],"converter":[9],"designed":[10],"meet":[12],"the":[13,34,37,42,47,93,99,115,122,125,134,154,160,163,167],"requirements":[14],"of":[15,53,62,88,108,121,124,133,156,162],"power":[16],"system":[17,43],"waveform":[18],"measurement.":[19],"In":[20],"particular,":[21],"attention":[22],"is":[23,44,91,96,150],"given":[24],"ensuring":[26],"that":[27,92,166],"waveforms":[28],"are":[29,110],"synchronously":[30],"sampled":[31],"maintain":[33],"relationship":[35],"between":[36],"various":[38],"observed":[39],"quantities,":[40],"and":[41,64,174,176],"synchronized":[45],"UTC":[48,100],"time":[49,101],"base":[50,102],"by":[51],"means":[52],"a":[54,58,74,129],"GPS":[55],"receiver,":[56],"making":[57],"wide":[59,130],"area":[60,131],"comparison":[61,132],"data":[63,127,135],"synchrophasor":[65],"estimation":[66],"possible.":[67],"ADC":[69],"can":[70,170],"be":[71],"used":[72,151],"as":[73],"front":[75],"end":[76,168],"in":[77],"Phasor":[78],"Measurement":[79,143],"Unit":[80],"(PMU)":[81],"devices,":[82],"amongst":[83],"other":[84],"applications.":[85],"An":[86,146],"advantage":[87],"this":[89],"method":[90],"sampling":[94,117],"clock":[95],"disciplined":[97],"ensure":[104],"integer":[106],"number":[107],"samples":[109],"taken":[111],"per":[112],"second":[113],"at":[114],"desired":[116],"rate.":[118],"The":[119],"certainty":[120],"timing":[123],"sample":[126],"makes":[128],"possible,":[136],"providing":[137,157],"enabling":[139],"technology":[140],"for":[141],"Waveform":[142],"Units":[144],"(WMU).":[145],"design":[148],"philosophy":[149],"throughout,":[152],"with":[153],"intention":[155],"visibility":[158],"throughout":[159],"operation":[161,173],"device,":[164],"so":[165],"user":[169],"study":[171],"its":[172],"evaluate":[175],"modify":[177],"it":[178],"within":[179],"their":[180],"application.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
