{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2049861205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2013.6555685","title":"A yawning measurement method using embedded smart cameras","display_name":"A yawning measurement method using embedded smart cameras","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2049861205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2013.6555685","mag":"2049861205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc.2013.6555685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2013.6555685","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005980212","display_name":"Shabnam Abtahi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shabnam Abtahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed and Collaborative Virtual Environments Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","Distrib. & Collaborative Virtual Environments Res. Lab., Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed and Collaborative Virtual Environments Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distrib. & Collaborative Virtual Environments Res. Lab., Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044422170","display_name":"Shervin Shirmohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3973-4445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shervin Shirmohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed and Collaborative Virtual Environments Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","Distrib. & Collaborative Virtual Environments Res. Lab., Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed and Collaborative Virtual Environments Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distrib. & Collaborative Virtual Environments Res. Lab., Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059413336","display_name":"Behnoosh Hariri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behnoosh Hariri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., New York, USA","Google Inc., New York, NY, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc., New York, NY, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009581633","display_name":"Daniel Laroche","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Laroche","raw_affiliation_strings":["CogniVue Corporation, Gatineau, QUE, Canada","CogniVue Corp., Gatineau, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CogniVue Corporation, Gatineau, QUE, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CogniVue Corp., Gatineau, QC, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110269727","display_name":"Luc Martel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Martel","raw_affiliation_strings":["CogniVue Corporation, Gatineau, QUE, Canada","CogniVue Corp., Gatineau, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CogniVue Corporation, Gatineau, QUE, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CogniVue Corp., Gatineau, QC, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005980212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9051,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87879963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1605","last_page":"1608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7217504978179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5102970600128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.44516465067863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4367419183254242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4262257218360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4231206774711609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38207459449768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3276534080505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18518215417861938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7217504978179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5102970600128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.44516465067863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4367419183254242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4262257218360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4231206774711609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38207459449768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3276534080505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18518215417861938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc.2013.6555685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2013.6555685","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116278252","https://openalex.org/W1585406901","https://openalex.org/W1876441951","https://openalex.org/W2051561122","https://openalex.org/W2102586860","https://openalex.org/W2119241320","https://openalex.org/W2120598715","https://openalex.org/W2146079719","https://openalex.org/W2153058200","https://openalex.org/W2153344422","https://openalex.org/W2165803627","https://openalex.org/W3094438865","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6604758599","https://openalex.org/W6639216011","https://openalex.org/W6682777295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026516036","https://openalex.org/W626940945","https://openalex.org/W2040826996","https://openalex.org/W375763875","https://openalex.org/W2111579573","https://openalex.org/W120748129","https://openalex.org/W2061344455","https://openalex.org/W2744235150","https://openalex.org/W796478898","https://openalex.org/W4390789006"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driving":[0],"while":[1,23,170],"drowsy":[2],"is":[3,126,144,155],"a":[4,15,33,62,73,89,151,158],"major":[5],"cause":[6],"behind":[7],"road":[8],"accidents,":[9],"and":[10,38,59,98,113,146],"exposes":[11],"the":[12,26,40,50,57,93,104,111,114,119,129,162,167,173,178],"driver":[13,41],"to":[14,21,79],"much":[16],"higher":[17],"crash":[18],"risk":[19],"compared":[20],"driving":[22],"alert.":[24],"Therefore,":[25],"use":[27],"of":[28,36,44,52,61,67,92,116,131,166,177],"assistive":[29],"systems":[30],"that":[31,160],"monitor":[32],"driver's":[34],"level":[35],"vigilance":[37],"alert":[39],"in":[42,49,65,118,157],"case":[43],"drowsiness":[45,82],"can":[46],"be":[47],"significant":[48],"prevention":[51],"accidents.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"introduces":[56],"design":[58],"implementation":[60,91],"lightweight":[63],"system,":[64],"terms":[66],"computational":[68],"complexity,":[69],"which":[70,143],"runs":[71],"on":[72,84,128,172],"computationally-limited":[74],"embedded":[75,136,179],"smart":[76,134],"camera":[77,135],"platform":[78],"measure":[80],"drivers'":[81],"based":[83],"yawning.":[85],"Our":[86,124],"system":[87,125,154],"uses":[88],"modified":[90],"Viola-Jones":[94],"algorithm":[95],"for":[96,108,121,148],"face":[97],"mouth":[99,120],"detection,":[100],"as":[101,103],"well":[102],"back":[105],"projection":[106],"theory":[107],"measuring":[109],"both":[110],"rate":[112],"amount":[115],"changes":[117],"yawning":[122],"detection.":[123],"built":[127],"top":[130],"an":[132],"actual":[133],"platform,":[137],"called":[138],"APEX\u2122":[139],"from":[140],"CogniVue":[141],"Corp.,":[142],"easy":[145],"practical":[147],"installation":[149],"inside":[150],"car.":[152],"The":[153],"optimized":[156],"way":[159],"meets":[161],"real":[163],"time":[164],"requirements":[165],"monitoring":[168],"task":[169],"relying":[171],"limited":[174],"processing":[175],"power":[176],"platform.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
