{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2951156228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hst.2019.8741028","title":"SURF: Joint Structural Functional Attack on Logic Locking","display_name":"SURF: Joint Structural Functional Attack on Logic Locking","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2951156228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hst.2019.8741028","mag":"2951156228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hst.2019.8741028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hst.2019.8741028","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013184572","display_name":"Prabuddha Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5102-4200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabuddha Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036621906","display_name":"Jonathan Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7404-9259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442844","display_name":"Swarup Bhunia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-6961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarup Bhunia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97594328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"181","last_page":"190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.9087682962417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7954429388046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xnor-gate","display_name":"XNOR gate","score":0.6663941740989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6005057096481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5851206183433533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.4538815915584564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.4443610906600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3763488829135895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.30375218391418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.2817119359970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2596503794193268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21357733011245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15940260887145996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.9087682962417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7954429388046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57684291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1336142","display_name":"XNOR gate","level":4,"score":0.6663941740989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6005057096481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5851206183433533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.4538815915584564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.4443610906600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3763488829135895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.30375218391418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.2817119359970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2596503794193268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21357733011245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15940260887145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hst.2019.8741028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hst.2019.8741028","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W1565539145","https://openalex.org/W2008819052","https://openalex.org/W2012725064","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2135211381","https://openalex.org/W2157661732","https://openalex.org/W2343475170","https://openalex.org/W2419784917","https://openalex.org/W2536656707","https://openalex.org/W2615060729","https://openalex.org/W2626492933","https://openalex.org/W2708742051","https://openalex.org/W2747980214","https://openalex.org/W2752013983","https://openalex.org/W2790282160","https://openalex.org/W2792444185","https://openalex.org/W2805079742","https://openalex.org/W2892708618","https://openalex.org/W2902639362","https://openalex.org/W2949654353","https://openalex.org/W4293395681","https://openalex.org/W6633762270","https://openalex.org/W6748840973","https://openalex.org/W6748930028","https://openalex.org/W6749886617","https://openalex.org/W6751493839"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2913519194","https://openalex.org/W2007287520","https://openalex.org/W4362634109","https://openalex.org/W2055981842","https://openalex.org/W4388820743","https://openalex.org/W2793135307","https://openalex.org/W3134235726","https://openalex.org/W2906395579","https://openalex.org/W128871440","https://openalex.org/W2532550198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"help":[1],"protect":[2],"hardware":[3],"Intellectual":[4],"Property":[5],"(IP)":[6],"blocks":[7],"against":[8],"piracy":[9],"and":[10,25,165,232],"reverse":[11],"engineering,":[12],"researchers":[13],"have":[14,161],"proposed":[15],"various":[16],"obfuscation":[17,131],"techniques":[18],"that":[19,64,200],"aim":[20],"at":[21,49],"hiding":[22],"design":[23,54,90,109,211,241],"intent":[24,212],"making":[26],"black-box":[27,216],"usage":[28],"difficult.":[29],"A":[30],"dominant":[31],"form":[32],"of":[33,44,96,157,225],"obfuscation,":[34],"referred":[35],"to":[36,76,87,117,143,179,229],"as":[37,213,215],"logic":[38,57,226],"locking,":[39],"relies":[40],"on":[41,130,181],"the":[42,93,108,140,155,170],"insertion":[43],"key":[45,147],"gates":[46],"(e.g.,":[47,243],"XOR/XNOR)":[48],"strategic":[50],"locations":[51],"in":[52,190],"a":[53,89,119,127],"followed":[55],"by":[56,91,99],"synthesis.":[58],"Recently,":[59],"it":[60],"has":[61],"been":[62],"shown":[63,86],"such":[65],"an":[66,166],"approach":[67],"leaves":[68],"predictable":[69],"structural":[70,81,158],"signatures,":[71],"which":[72,172],"make":[73],"them":[74],"susceptible":[75],"machine":[77],"learning":[78,92],"(ML)":[79],"based":[80,235,247],"attacks.":[82,159],"These":[83],"attacks":[84,248],"are":[85,104,177],"deobfuscate":[88],"deterministic":[94],"nature":[95],"transformations":[97],"incorporated":[98],"commercial":[100],"synthesis":[101],"tools.":[102],"They":[103],"attractive":[105],"for":[106,139,169,185,221,239],"unraveling":[107],"intent.":[110],"However,":[111],"they":[112],"may":[113],"not":[114],"be":[115],"able":[116,178],"provide":[118],"working":[120],"design.":[121],"In":[122],"this":[123],"paper,":[124],"we":[125],"introduce":[126],"novel":[128],"attack":[129],"techniques,":[132],"called":[133],"Structural":[134],"Functional":[135],"(SURF)":[136],"attack,":[137,171,202,206],"which,":[138],"first":[141],"time":[142],"our":[144],"knowledge,":[145],"accomplishes":[146],"extraction":[148],"through":[149],"scalable":[150,228],"functional":[151],"analysis":[152],"while":[153],"leveraging":[154],"output":[156,196],"We":[160,176,198],"developed":[162],"complete":[163],"flow":[164],"automatic":[167],"tool":[168],"shows":[173],"promising":[174],"results.":[175],"retrieve,":[180],"average,":[182],"~90%":[183],"keybits":[184],"obfuscated":[186],"ISCAS-85":[187],"benchmarks":[188],"(100%":[189],"several":[191],"cases)":[192],"with":[193],">":[194],"98%":[195],"accuracy.":[197],"observe":[199],"SURF":[201],"unlike":[203,233],"any":[204],"known":[205],"can":[207],"enable":[208],"both":[209],"discovering":[210],"well":[214],"usage.":[217],"It":[218],"is":[219,237],"effective":[220,238],"all":[222,240],"major":[223],"variants":[224],"locking;":[227],"large":[230],"designs;":[231],"SAT":[234,246],"attacks,":[236],"types":[242],"multipliers,":[244],"where":[245],"typically":[249],"fail).":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
