{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2026182761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hst.2013.6581568","title":"WordRev: Finding word-level structures in a sea of bit-level gates","display_name":"WordRev: Finding word-level structures in a sea of bit-level gates","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2026182761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hst.2013.6581568","mag":"2026182761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hst.2013.6581568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hst.2013.6581568","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381721","display_name":"Wenchao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9721-7609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA","University of California\u2010Berkeley USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2010Berkeley USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015542293","display_name":"Adri\u00e0 Gasc\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-8311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adria Gascon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Catalunya, Spain","Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Catalunya, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008664161","display_name":"Pramod Subramanyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2288-3396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pramod Subramanyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078209132","display_name":"Wei Yang Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yang Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA","University of California\u2010Berkeley USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2010Berkeley USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086308451","display_name":"Ashish Tiwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-2771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, USA","SRI International, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085975362","display_name":"Sharad Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-5443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharad Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103207172","display_name":"Natarajan Shankar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8652-8871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natarajan Shankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, USA","SRI International, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064230639","display_name":"Sanjit A. Seshia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6190-8707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjit A. Seshia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA","University of California\u2010Berkeley USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2010Berkeley USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100381721"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6601,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96821979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"67","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.9021055698394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7915922403335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6462463736534119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.53085857629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4031064808368683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.39724859595298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32433509826660156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.9021055698394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7915922403335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6462463736534119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.53085857629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4031064808368683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.39724859595298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32433509826660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hst.2013.6581568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hst.2013.6581568","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.305.1508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.305.1508","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sseshia/pubdir/host13-reverse.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt1np6w6rf","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1np6w6rf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt1np6w6rf","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1np6w6rf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Li, W; Gascon, A; Subramanyan, P; Tan, WY; Tiwari, A; Malik, S; \u00c2\u00a0et al.(2013). WordRev: Finding word-level structures in a sea of bit-level gates. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust, HOST 2013, 67 - 74. doi: 10.1109/HST.2013.6581568. UC Berkeley: Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1np6w6rf","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500140210","https://openalex.org/W1565539145","https://openalex.org/W2029979276","https://openalex.org/W2045818632","https://openalex.org/W2054631220","https://openalex.org/W2099836087","https://openalex.org/W2109355243","https://openalex.org/W2109589569","https://openalex.org/W2112173236","https://openalex.org/W2122509673","https://openalex.org/W2131570398","https://openalex.org/W2139171217","https://openalex.org/W2154275811","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2189084874","https://openalex.org/W4234154886","https://openalex.org/W4236423066","https://openalex.org/W4239838086","https://openalex.org/W4256548512","https://openalex.org/W6633762270"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170314243","https://openalex.org/W2119179026","https://openalex.org/W2794947590","https://openalex.org/W2114971758","https://openalex.org/W2109932036","https://openalex.org/W2093081283","https://openalex.org/W4313118781","https://openalex.org/W2354546390","https://openalex.org/W2127141320","https://openalex.org/W2159172546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Systems":[0],"are":[1,25],"increasingly":[2],"being":[3],"constructed":[4],"from":[5,82],"off-the-shelf":[6],"components":[7,63],"acquired":[8],"through":[9],"a":[10,56,74,87,97,125],"globally":[11],"distributed":[12],"and":[13,105,136],"untrusted":[14],"supply":[15],"chain.":[16],"Often":[17],"only":[18],"post-synthesis":[19],"gate-level":[20,84],"netlists":[21],"or":[22],"actual":[23],"silicons":[24],"available":[26],"for":[27,96],"security":[28],"inspection.":[29],"This":[30],"makes":[31],"reasoning":[32],"about":[33],"hardware":[34],"trojans":[35],"particularly":[36],"challenging":[37],"given":[38],"the":[39,43,83,94,109,119],"enormous":[40],"scale":[41],"of":[42,61,77,86,102,111,121,130],"problem.":[44],"Currently,":[45],"there":[46],"is":[47],"no":[48],"mature":[49],"methodology":[50],"that":[51],"can":[52,107],"provide":[53],"visibility":[54],"into":[55],"bit-level":[57],"design":[58,128],"in":[59],"terms":[60],"high-level":[62],"to":[64,99,114],"allow":[65],"more":[66],"comprehensive":[67],"analysis.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"we":[72],"present":[73],"systemic":[75],"way":[76],"automatically":[78],"deriving":[79],"word-level":[80,103],"structures":[81],"netlist":[85],"digital":[88],"circuit.":[89],"Our":[90],"framework":[91],"also":[92],"provides":[93],"possibility":[95],"user":[98],"specify":[100],"sequences":[101],"operations":[104],"it":[106],"extract":[108],"collection":[110],"gates":[112],"corresponding":[113],"those":[115],"operations.":[116],"We":[117],"demonstrate":[118],"effectiveness":[120],"our":[122],"approach":[123],"on":[124],"system-on-a-chip":[126],"(SoC)":[127],"consisting":[129],"approximately":[131],"400,000":[132],"IBM":[133],"12SOI":[134],"cells":[135],"several":[137],"open-source":[138],"designs.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
