{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410297867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hri61500.2025.10974097","title":"Robots as Ambient Observers: Investigating the Effects of Robotic Eye Features on Human Perception","display_name":"Robots as Ambient Observers: Investigating the Effects of Robotic Eye Features on Human Perception","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410297867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hri61500.2025.10974097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hri61500.2025.10974097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hri61500.2025.10974097","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 20th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102897204","display_name":"Maino Shinohara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5034-8349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maino Shinohara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023439471","display_name":"Daisuke Sakamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-4198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daisuke Sakamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049920990","display_name":"Tetsuo Ono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7881-7318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetuo Ono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4854,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85798329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1629","last_page":"1633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.8794999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.8794999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.8726999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8059999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6926535367965698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6614832878112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6293023824691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.6284666061401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5414287447929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.536171555519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4860104024410248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23354023694992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.060666829347610474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6926535367965698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6614832878112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6293023824691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.6284666061401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5414287447929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.536171555519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4860104024410248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23354023694992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.060666829347610474}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hri61500.2025.10974097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hri61500.2025.10974097","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 20th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392646554","https://openalex.org/W2978665606","https://openalex.org/W4287179229","https://openalex.org/W3205513966","https://openalex.org/W3120459843","https://openalex.org/W4366547574","https://openalex.org/W3200191727","https://openalex.org/W189465620","https://openalex.org/W4366818884","https://openalex.org/W2248308732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,6,24,46,54,60,113,151,163],"social":[2,37,179],"effects":[3],"induced":[4],"by":[5],"ambient":[7],"observation":[8],"of":[9,26,30,53,56,62,115,138,153],"a":[10,57,74,88,135,145],"robot":[11,58],"is":[12],"essential":[13],"for":[14,177],"their":[15],"successful":[16],"integration":[17],"into":[18],"human":[19,33,183],"environments.":[20],"This":[21,172],"study":[22,173],"explores":[23],"influence":[25,59,112],"eye-related":[27,85],"design":[28],"factors":[29,86],"robots":[31,180],"on":[32],"perceptions":[34],"associated":[35],"with":[36],"facilitation.":[38],"We":[39],"conducted":[40],"an":[41],"online":[42],"experiment":[43],"to":[44,103,181],"test":[45],"hypothesis":[47],"that":[48,159],"visual":[49,91,106],"and":[50,65,96,108,169],"behavioral":[51],"features":[52],"eyes":[55],"feeling":[61,114,152],"being":[63,116,154],"watched":[64],"perceived":[66,123,148,160],"agency,":[67,130],"which":[68],"together":[69],"shape":[70],"public":[71,139,170],"self-awareness.":[72,140,171],"Using":[73],"2":[75],"\u00d7":[76],"3":[77],"\u00d72":[78,79],"between-subjects":[80],"design,":[81],"we":[82],"manipulated":[83],"four":[84],"in":[87,131,185],"virtual":[89],"robot:":[90],"realism,":[92],"size,":[93],"gaze":[94,119],"cue,":[95],"blinking.":[97],"Our":[98],"analysis":[99],"revealed":[100],"that,":[101],"contrary":[102],"our":[104],"expectations,":[105],"realism":[107],"size":[109],"did":[110],"not":[111],"watched.":[117,155],"However,":[118],"cue":[120],"positively":[121],"affected":[122],"agency":[124,149,161],"while":[125],"blinking":[126],"enhanced":[127],"it.":[128],"Perceived":[129],"turn,":[132],"emerged":[133],"as":[134],"significant":[136,146],"predictor":[137],"The":[141],"structural":[142],"model":[143],"highlighted":[144],"relationship:":[147],"enhances":[150],"These":[156],"findings":[157],"suggest":[158],"mediates":[162],"relationship":[164],"between":[165],"robotic":[166],"eye":[167],"behaviors":[168],"provides":[174],"foundational":[175],"insights":[176],"designing":[178],"enhance":[182],"experiences":[184],"shared":[186],"spaces.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}