{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409131825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec62836.2024.10938474","title":"Breakthrough Edge AI Inference Performance Using Northpole in 3U Vpx Form Factor","display_name":"Breakthrough Edge AI Inference Performance Using Northpole in 3U Vpx Form Factor","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409131825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec62836.2024.10938474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec62836.2024.10938474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec62836.2024.10938474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002319629","display_name":"Filipp Akopyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5312-1311"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Filipp Akopyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042044567","display_name":"W. P. Risk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3211-0738"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William P. Risk","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087078947","display_name":"John V. Arthur","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John V. Arthur","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044024456","display_name":"Andrew S. Cassidy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7305-4198"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew S. Cassidy","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027380988","display_name":"Michael DeBole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9430"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael V. Debole","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069172065","display_name":"Carlos Ortega Otero","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Ortega Otero","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083548741","display_name":"Jun Sawada","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Sawada","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037882583","display_name":"E. G. Colgan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-9839"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan Colgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009807580","display_name":"Michael E. Criscolo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael E. Criscolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109526227","display_name":"P. Mann","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip V. Mann","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070767315","display_name":"Heinz Baier","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heinz Baier","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113582614","display_name":"Kai Schleupen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Schleupen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101757788","display_name":"Arnon Amir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6814-165X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnon Amir","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093091740","display_name":"Alexander Andreopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2408-5171"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Andreopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022262317","display_name":"Rathinakumar Appuswamy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rathinakumar Appuswamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045970662","display_name":"Deepika Bablani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-8201"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepika Bablani","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031497317","display_name":"Peter J. Carlson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter J. Carlson","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064191197","display_name":"Pallab Datta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0515-9729"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pallab Datta","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055044754","display_name":"Steven K. Esser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4089-0577"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven K. Esser","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005956938","display_name":"Myron Flickner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myron D. Flickner","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092947158","display_name":"Rajamohan Gandhasri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5068-1924"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajamohan Gandhasri","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005670873","display_name":"Guillaume Garreau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-9232"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillaume J. Garreau","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042484827","display_name":"Megumi Ito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3627-5308"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megumi Ito","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084934945","display_name":"Jennifer L. Klamo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9042-0476"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer L. Klamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069592415","display_name":"Jeffrey A. Kusnitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey A. Kusnitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059841005","display_name":"Nathaniel J. McClatchey","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel J. McClatchey","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089195359","display_name":"Neil McGlohon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8304-4911"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil McGlohon","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059206462","display_name":"Jeffrey L. McKinstry","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey L. McKinstry","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063752378","display_name":"Yutaka Nakamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-1266"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutaka Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102976698","display_name":"Tapan K. Nayak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8961"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapan K. Nayak","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092947159","display_name":"Jay Sivagnaname","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Sivagnaname","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111990430","display_name":"Daniel F. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel F. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020314819","display_name":"Rafael Vieira de Sousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5885-5368"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Sousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041605470","display_name":"Brian Taba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7831-1139"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Taba","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054567571","display_name":"Ignacio Terrizzano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-2601"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ignacio Terrizzano","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011340584","display_name":"Takanori Ueda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-4640"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takanori Ueda","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063718511","display_name":"Dharmendra S. Modha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6714-8127"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dharmendra S. Modha","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":37,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002319629"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4408,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65966367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.7279999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.7279999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.7233999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.6559000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.6435996890068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6299618482589722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6292432546615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5533742308616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4711310565471649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10285165905952454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6435996890068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6299618482589722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6292432546615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5533742308616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4711310565471649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10285165905952454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec62836.2024.10938474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec62836.2024.10938474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004725540","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W3173567919","https://openalex.org/W4387772271","https://openalex.org/W4392746564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"preliminary":[2],"results":[3],"demonstrating":[4],"AI":[5],"(artificial":[6],"intelligence)":[7],"inference":[8],"using":[9],"the":[10],"IBM":[11],"AIU":[12],"NorthPole":[13,31],"Chip":[14],"[1],":[15],"[2]":[16],"incorporated":[17],"into":[18],"a":[19,56,85],"compact,":[20],"rugged":[21,46],"3U":[22],"VPX":[23],"form":[24],"factor":[25],"module":[26],"(NP-VPX)":[27],"[3].":[28],"NP-VPX":[29,48,79],"allows":[30],"to":[32],"be":[33],"used":[34],"in":[35],"edge":[36],"applications":[37],"with":[38,55,59,84,88],"stringent":[39],"cooling":[40],"requirements,":[41],"high-speed":[42],"switch":[43],"fabrics,":[44],"and":[45],"environments.":[47],"processes":[49,80],"965":[50],"frames":[51,75,104],"per":[52],"second":[53],"(fps)":[54],"Yolo-v4":[57],"network":[58,87],"<tex":[60,89,105],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[61,90,106],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$640":[62],"\\times":[63,92],"640$</tex>":[64],"pixel":[65,94],"images":[66,95],"at":[67,70,96,99],"73.5":[68],"W":[69,98],"full-precision":[71,100],"accuracy,":[72,101],"achieving":[73,102],"13.2":[74],"/":[76],"J":[77],"(fps/W).":[78],"over":[81],"40,300":[82],"fps":[83],"ResNet-50":[86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$224":[91],"224$</tex>":[93],"65.9":[97],"611":[103],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$/":[107],"\\mathrm{J}$</tex>.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T07:04:00.330322","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
