{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308090288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec55821.2022.9926404","title":"On the Characterization of the Performance-Productivity Gap for FPGA","display_name":"On the Characterization of the Performance-Productivity Gap for FPGA","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308090288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec55821.2022.9926404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec55821.2022.9926404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec55821.2022.9926404","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/b90a4c22-1380-4204-a0ff-3f5eb8126b11/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025591118","display_name":"Atharva Gondhalekar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atharva Gondhalekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Department of ECE,Blacksburg,VA,USA","Department of ECE, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Department of ECE,Blacksburg,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066767454","display_name":"Thomas Twomey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Twomey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Department of ECE,Blacksburg,VA,USA","Department of ECE, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Department of ECE,Blacksburg,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058539554","display_name":"Wu-chun Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-0727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu-chun Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Department of CS and ECE,Blacksburg,VA,USA","Department of CS and ECE, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Department of CS and ECE,Blacksburg,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CS and ECE, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9331,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73243728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8383784294128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verilog","display_name":"Verilog","score":0.8088729381561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6625013947486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.5755952000617981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.5253096222877502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.478362500667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4383482038974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.38908058404922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3384336233139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3081912696361542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07255876064300537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8383784294128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779030575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827773","display_name":"Verilog","level":3,"score":0.8088729381561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6625013947486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.5755952000617981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5253096222877502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.478362500667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4383482038974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.38908058404922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3384336233139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3081912696361542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07255876064300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec55821.2022.9926404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec55821.2022.9926404","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/118258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/118258","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/b90a4c22-1380-4204-a0ff-3f5eb8126b11/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/118258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/118258","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/b90a4c22-1380-4204-a0ff-3f5eb8126b11/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308090288.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156779288","https://openalex.org/W1578462120","https://openalex.org/W2052773603","https://openalex.org/W2078794610","https://openalex.org/W2175477959","https://openalex.org/W2551072204","https://openalex.org/W2574797063","https://openalex.org/W2743401659","https://openalex.org/W2765663085","https://openalex.org/W2886641760","https://openalex.org/W2890463535","https://openalex.org/W2913310273","https://openalex.org/W2969746782","https://openalex.org/W2969925465","https://openalex.org/W3100822741","https://openalex.org/W3184015517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379153735","https://openalex.org/W2046172023","https://openalex.org/W2972896947","https://openalex.org/W2170146914","https://openalex.org/W2355105570","https://openalex.org/W2083974823","https://openalex.org/W4293071059","https://openalex.org/W2387264083","https://openalex.org/W2604877941","https://openalex.org/W2390885485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"FPGA":[1,72,117],"vendors":[2],"provide":[3],"a":[4,14,52,88,95,144,154],"C++/C-based":[5],"programming":[6,73,104],"environment":[7],"to":[8,120,150],"enhance":[9],"programmer":[10],"productivity":[11,67,159,166],"over":[12,160,174],"using":[13,101],"hardware-description":[15],"language":[16],"at":[17,30],"the":[18,31,60,64,82,92,133,141,165],"register-transfer":[19],"level.":[20],"The":[21],"common":[22],"perception":[23],"is":[24],"that":[25,57,125],"this":[26,47],"enhanced":[27],"pro-ductivity":[28],"comes":[29],"expense":[32],"of":[33,42,68,84,94,132,135,140,171],"significantly":[34],"less":[35],"performance,":[36,121],"e.g.,":[37,75],"as":[38],"much":[39],"an":[40,112,126,136,168],"order":[41],"magnitude":[43],"worse.":[44],"To":[45],"characterize":[46],"performance-productivity":[48],"tradeoff,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"new":[53],"composite":[54],"metric,":[55],"II,":[56],"quantitatively":[58],"captures":[59],"perceived":[61],"discrepancy":[62],"between":[63],"performance":[65,134],"and":[66],"any":[69],"two":[70],"given":[71],"languages,":[74],"Verilog":[76,138],"vs.":[77],"OpenCL.":[78,175],"We":[79],"then":[80],"present":[81],"implications":[83],"our":[85,122],"metric":[86],"via":[87],"case":[89],"study":[90],"on":[91,111,143],"design":[93],"Sobel":[96],"filter":[97],"(i.e.,":[98],"edge":[99],"detector)":[100],"three":[102],"different":[103],"models":[105],"-":[106,110],"Verilog,":[107,161],"OpenCL,":[108],"oneAPI":[109,163],"Intel":[113],"Arria":[114],"10":[115],"GX":[116],"accelerator.":[118],"Relative":[119],"results":[123],"show":[124],"optimized":[127,137],"OpenCL":[128,152],"kernel":[129],"achieves":[130],"84%":[131],"version":[139],"code":[142],"7680\u00d74320":[145],"(8K)":[146],"image.":[147],"Conversely,":[148],"relative":[149],"productivity,":[151],"offers":[153],"6.1":[155],"x":[156,173],"improvement":[157],"in":[158],"while":[162],"improves":[164],"by":[167],"additional":[169],"factor":[170],"1.25":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}