{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200115528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec49654.2021.9622861","title":"Machine Learning Fairness is Computationally Difficult and Algorithmically Unsatisfactorily Solved","display_name":"Machine Learning Fairness is Computationally Difficult and Algorithmically Unsatisfactorily Solved","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200115528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec49654.2021.9622861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec49654.2021.9622861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec49654.2021.9622861","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010554523","display_name":"Mike Horia Teodorescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7330-832X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103531236","display_name":"Boston College","ror":"https://ror.org/02n2fzt79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mike H.M. Teodorescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston College, MA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston College, MA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103138011","display_name":"Xinyu Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4223-6137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, TX, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, TX, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010554523"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0878,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82314654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7787624001502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-reframing","display_name":"Cognitive reframing","score":0.7238835692405701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.603634774684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5069380402565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.48209717869758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4435886740684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.26596665382385254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7787624001502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187029079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958679","display_name":"Cognitive reframing","level":2,"score":0.7238835692405701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.603634774684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5069380402565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48209717869758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4435886740684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26596665382385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec49654.2021.9622861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec49654.2021.9622861","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562615108","https://openalex.org/W1577491527","https://openalex.org/W1676317136","https://openalex.org/W1982165141","https://openalex.org/W1999318832","https://openalex.org/W2015768982","https://openalex.org/W2028543020","https://openalex.org/W2035922182","https://openalex.org/W2099854653","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2103780778","https://openalex.org/W2109327009","https://openalex.org/W2130486630","https://openalex.org/W2140613987","https://openalex.org/W2155319834","https://openalex.org/W2468342282","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2562625799","https://openalex.org/W2768894107","https://openalex.org/W2789916118","https://openalex.org/W2911628061","https://openalex.org/W2947692000","https://openalex.org/W3026881828","https://openalex.org/W3046311450","https://openalex.org/W3088516898","https://openalex.org/W3124917443","https://openalex.org/W3198484931","https://openalex.org/W4288348494","https://openalex.org/W6637055845","https://openalex.org/W6683152347","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6746225964","https://openalex.org/W6748869059","https://openalex.org/W6762467499","https://openalex.org/W6762747819","https://openalex.org/W6783775398","https://openalex.org/W6789839270"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,147],"main":[1],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,12,45,81,90,112,128,136,142],"the":[4,9,14,84,88,126,134,150],"paper":[5],"is":[6,26,115],"to":[7,83,133],"analyze":[8],"computational":[10,122],"difficulties":[11],"selecting":[13],"suitable":[15],"classification":[16,56],"algorithms":[17,46,57],"that":[18,53],"satisfy":[19,60],"specific":[20],"ethical":[21],"criteria,":[22,50],"when":[23,70,160],"real":[24],"data":[25],"used":[27,37,100],"in":[28,61,101,156],"training.":[29],"Employing":[30],"an":[31,137,144],"imbalanced":[32],"credit":[33,39,105],"decision":[34],"dataset":[35],"largely":[36],"for":[38,153],"scoring":[40,106],"and":[41,47,93,95,107,121],"applying":[42],"a":[43,62,79],"set":[44],"several":[48],"fairness":[49,68,119,157,164],"we":[51],"show":[52],"many":[54],"typical":[55],"do":[58],"not":[59],"reasonable":[63],"manner":[64],"more":[65,72],"than":[66,73],"one":[67,74],"criterion":[69],"considering":[71],"protected":[75],"attribute.":[76],"This":[77],"adds":[78],"layer":[80],"difficulty":[82],"ones":[85],"represented":[86],"by":[87,130],"need":[89,152],"large":[91],"databases":[92],"data-":[94],"computationally-intensive":[96],"decision-making":[97],"systems":[98],"as":[99,104],"domains":[102],"such":[103],"hiring.":[108],"A":[109],"novel":[110],"analysis":[111],"this":[113],"study":[114],"directly":[116],"relating":[117],"ML/AI":[118],"criteria":[120],"complexity.":[123],"We":[124],"reframe":[125],"problem":[127],"complexity":[129],"connecting":[131],"it":[132],"search":[135],"ethically":[138],"acceptable":[139],"solution":[140],"instead":[141],"just":[143],"accurate":[145],"solution.":[146],"results":[148],"suggest":[149],"continued":[151],"human":[154],"input":[155],"decisions,":[158],"especially":[159],"deciding":[161],"tradeoffs":[162],"between":[163],"criteria.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}