{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082020764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec43674.2020.9286149","title":"Survey of Machine Learning Accelerators","display_name":"Survey of Machine Learning Accelerators","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082020764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec43674.2020.9286149","mag":"3082020764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec43674.2020.9286149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec43674.2020.9286149","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.00993","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000293770","display_name":"Albert Reuther","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-3663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Albert Reuther","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112526610","display_name":"Peter Michaleas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Michaleas","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064275902","display_name":"Michael Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5215-2346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043450560","display_name":"Vijay Gadepally","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4598-2808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay Gadepally","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103227438","display_name":"Siddharth Samsi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2884-9688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddharth Samsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072108599","display_name":"Jeremy Kepner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9668-2613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Kepner","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000293770"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5784,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9890053,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7588419914245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.7379268407821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.6294212341308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plot","display_name":"Plot (graphics)","score":0.4859415292739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4596715569496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4254066050052643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4232708513736725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3715309202671051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2585696578025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.1930450201034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.1526610255241394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7588419914245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.7379268407821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.6294212341308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167651023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474611","display_name":"Plot (graphics)","level":2,"score":0.4859415292739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4596715569496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4254066050052643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4232708513736725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3715309202671051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2585696578025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.1930450201034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.1526610255241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec43674.2020.9286149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec43674.2020.9286149","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.00993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.00993","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.00993","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.00993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.00993","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.00993","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W1841592590","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2000967104","https://openalex.org/W2028166238","https://openalex.org/W2035408474","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2121458485","https://openalex.org/W2125203716","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2161972632","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2419597278","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2540279855","https://openalex.org/W2581900299","https://openalex.org/W2595507424","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2605347906","https://openalex.org/W2616095539","https://openalex.org/W2620342231","https://openalex.org/W2625745261","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2763421725","https://openalex.org/W2771269115","https://openalex.org/W2792794651","https://openalex.org/W2888727064","https://openalex.org/W2895540242","https://openalex.org/W2912012512","https://openalex.org/W2914219486","https://openalex.org/W2914227483","https://openalex.org/W2950656546","https://openalex.org/W2963112338","https://openalex.org/W2963374099","https://openalex.org/W2963511748","https://openalex.org/W2966081953","https://openalex.org/W2970959587","https://openalex.org/W2971712727","https://openalex.org/W2997106510","https://openalex.org/W3004127905","https://openalex.org/W3006732000","https://openalex.org/W3007788310","https://openalex.org/W3033311833","https://openalex.org/W3036079062","https://openalex.org/W3037261029","https://openalex.org/W3042416028","https://openalex.org/W3099432326","https://openalex.org/W3123290820","https://openalex.org/W3127355095","https://openalex.org/W4234863022","https://openalex.org/W4246587277","https://openalex.org/W4246799416","https://openalex.org/W4247470470","https://openalex.org/W4248707617","https://openalex.org/W4288083474","https://openalex.org/W4292564261","https://openalex.org/W4297785643","https://openalex.org/W4300223384","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6739024043","https://openalex.org/W6755056844","https://openalex.org/W6759190156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951049725","https://openalex.org/W4285308918","https://openalex.org/W2971712727","https://openalex.org/W4387459935","https://openalex.org/W3015991694","https://openalex.org/W2908450434","https://openalex.org/W3193008624","https://openalex.org/W4382561696","https://openalex.org/W2581119583","https://openalex.org/W2895519962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"New":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"accelerators":[3,37,52,117],"are":[4,69,88,95,113,119],"being":[5],"announced":[6,57,116],"and":[7,24,38,48,60,66,75,80,90,106,125,138],"released":[8],"each":[9],"month":[10],"for":[11],"a":[12,72,76],"variety":[13],"of":[14,34,35,78],"applications":[15],"from":[16,40,82,127],"speech":[17],"recognition,":[18],"video":[19],"object":[20],"detection,":[21],"assisted":[22],"driving,":[23],"many":[25,114,122],"data":[26],"center":[27],"applications.":[28],"This":[29,45,110],"paper":[30,46],"updates":[31],"the":[32,50,83,99],"survey":[33],"AI":[36],"processors":[39],"last":[41],"year's":[42],"IEEE-HPEC":[43],"paper.":[44],"collects":[47],"summarizes":[49],"current":[51],"that":[53,118],"have":[54],"been":[55],"publicly":[56],"with":[58,121],"performance":[59,65],"power":[61,67,102],"consumption":[62],"numbers.":[63],"The":[64],"values":[68],"plotted":[70],"on":[71,85],"scatter":[73],"graph":[74],"number":[77],"dimensions":[79],"observations":[81],"trends":[84,97],"this":[86],"plot":[87,100],"discussed":[89],"analyzed.":[91],"For":[92],"instance,":[93],"there":[94,112],"interesting":[96],"in":[98],"regarding":[101],"consumption,":[103],"numerical":[104],"precision,":[105],"inference":[107],"versus":[108],"training.":[109],"year,":[111],"more":[115,123],"implemented":[120],"architectures":[124],"technologies":[126],"vector":[128],"engines,":[129,131],"dataflow":[130],"neuromorphic":[132],"designs,":[133],"flash-based":[134],"analog":[135],"memory":[136],"processing,":[137],"photonic-based":[139],"processing.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}