{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949966323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec.2018.8547554","title":"Measuring the Impact of Spectre and Meltdown","display_name":"Measuring the Impact of Spectre and Meltdown","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949966323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec.2018.8547554","mag":"2949966323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec.2018.8547554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec.2018.8547554","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE High Performance extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.08703","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrew Prout","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Prout","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"William Arcand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Arcand","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Bestor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Bestor","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bill Bergeron","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bill Bergeron","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chansup Byun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chansup Byun","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Vijay Gadepally","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay Gadepally","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael Houle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Houle","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Matthew Hubbell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Hubbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael Jones","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anna Klein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peter Michaleas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Michaleas","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lauren Milechin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Milechin","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Julie Mullen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Mullen","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Antonio Rosa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Rosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Siddharth Samsi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddharth Samsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Charles Yee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Yee","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Albert Reuther","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Reuther","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jeremy Kepner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Kepner","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92034229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.5824000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2840000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6134999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5824000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpec.2018.8547554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpec.2018.8547554","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE High Performance extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1807.08703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.08703","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.08703","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1807.08703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.08703","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.08703","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964530510","https://openalex.org/W1972615712","https://openalex.org/W1997723092","https://openalex.org/W2048006137","https://openalex.org/W2076523597","https://openalex.org/W2084563005","https://openalex.org/W2125584498","https://openalex.org/W2460430876","https://openalex.org/W2539193928","https://openalex.org/W2742011165","https://openalex.org/W6785432261"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,20,30],"Spectre":[1],"and":[2,42,72],"Meltdown":[3],"flaws":[4],"in":[5,87],"modern":[6],"microprocessors":[7],"represent":[8],"a":[9,93],"new":[10],"class":[11],"of":[12,33],"attacks":[13],"that":[14,22,63,78],"have":[15,23,26],"been":[16,24],"difficult":[17,83],"to":[18,58,84],"mitigate.":[19],"mitigations":[21],"proposed":[25],"known":[27],"performance":[28,52,80],"impacts.":[29],"reported":[31],"magnitude":[32],"these":[34],"impacts":[35],"varies":[36],"depending":[37],"on":[38,54,69],"the":[39,51,64,79],"industry":[40],"sector":[41],"expected":[43],"workload":[44],"characteristics.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"measure":[50],"impact":[53,65],"several":[55],"workloads":[56],"relevant":[57],"HPC":[59],"systems.":[60],"We":[61,75],"show":[62,77],"can":[66],"be":[67],"significant":[68],"both":[70],"synthetic":[71],"realistic":[73],"workloads.":[74],"also":[76],"penalties":[81],"are":[82],"avoid":[85],"even":[86],"dedicated":[88],"systems":[89],"where":[90],"security":[91],"is":[92],"lesser":[94],"concern.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2019-06-27T00:00:00"}
