{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360831969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10070946","title":"MGC: Multiple-Gray-Code for 3D NAND Flash based High-Density SSDs","display_name":"MGC: Multiple-Gray-Code for 3D NAND Flash based High-Density SSDs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360831969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10070946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10070946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10070946","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028849469","display_name":"Yina Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3971-3123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yina Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100783254","display_name":"Liang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-3848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97750245","display_name":"Software (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ethns06","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087817","https://openalex.org/I97750245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software/Hardware Co-Design Engineering Research Center,Ministry of Education","Ministry of Education, Software/Hardware Co-Design Engineering Research Center","School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software/Hardware Co-Design Engineering Research Center,Ministry of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97750245"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Software/Hardware Co-Design Engineering Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97750245"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393695","display_name":"Qiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-4268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiamen University,School of Informatics,Xiamen,China","School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiamen University,School of Informatics,Xiamen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074736782","display_name":"Congming Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-2652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congming Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiamen University,School of Informatics,Xiamen,China","School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiamen University,School of Informatics,Xiamen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101530474","display_name":"Yunpeng Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3822-3551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018610574","display_name":"Longfei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3769-1007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longfei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026996875","display_name":"Youtao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-8743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youtao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh,Computer Science Department,Pittsburgh,USA","Computer Science Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh,Computer Science Department,Pittsburgh,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028849469"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96559245,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"122","last_page":"136"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.946399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.925000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8346728086471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-file-system","display_name":"Flash file system","score":0.6216633915901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.49706795811653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.4815831184387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray-code","display_name":"Gray code","score":0.4681786596775055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.45030319690704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4198911488056183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3675491213798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16643381118774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.16050437092781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.14151307940483093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8346728086471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27670709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457555","display_name":"Flash file system","level":4,"score":0.6216633915901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.49706795811653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.4815831184387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129861397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332772","display_name":"Gray code","level":2,"score":0.4681786596775055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.45030319690704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4198911488056183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3675491213798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16643381118774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.16050437092781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.14151307940483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10070946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10070946","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322370","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544971428","https://openalex.org/W1608061514","https://openalex.org/W2010390358","https://openalex.org/W2011538200","https://openalex.org/W2014536047","https://openalex.org/W2025307952","https://openalex.org/W2070425502","https://openalex.org/W2079369525","https://openalex.org/W2109597634","https://openalex.org/W2124570687","https://openalex.org/W2130125728","https://openalex.org/W2135210684","https://openalex.org/W2141350820","https://openalex.org/W2282078620","https://openalex.org/W2537250698","https://openalex.org/W2588471635","https://openalex.org/W2605619681","https://openalex.org/W2612789561","https://openalex.org/W2623861870","https://openalex.org/W2626117432","https://openalex.org/W2750492276","https://openalex.org/W2766452572","https://openalex.org/W2775166784","https://openalex.org/W2791359478","https://openalex.org/W2794657861","https://openalex.org/W2891471484","https://openalex.org/W2903349259","https://openalex.org/W2911942248","https://openalex.org/W2911989460","https://openalex.org/W2921558526","https://openalex.org/W2930548846","https://openalex.org/W2949251802","https://openalex.org/W2963394925","https://openalex.org/W2980072139","https://openalex.org/W3005720814","https://openalex.org/W3006257421","https://openalex.org/W3008170349","https://openalex.org/W3015486995","https://openalex.org/W3016079222","https://openalex.org/W3033820463","https://openalex.org/W3039374431","https://openalex.org/W3083081526","https://openalex.org/W3083190628","https://openalex.org/W3116463091","https://openalex.org/W3119951918","https://openalex.org/W3134009800","https://openalex.org/W3134048768","https://openalex.org/W3135435620","https://openalex.org/W3154447666","https://openalex.org/W3155143326","https://openalex.org/W3159960729","https://openalex.org/W3162708822","https://openalex.org/W4220918199","https://openalex.org/W4220928832","https://openalex.org/W4220950922","https://openalex.org/W4221004587","https://openalex.org/W4236170267","https://openalex.org/W4309698607","https://openalex.org/W6628096445","https://openalex.org/W6633130854","https://openalex.org/W6694145185","https://openalex.org/W6694314471","https://openalex.org/W6746954384","https://openalex.org/W6749066232","https://openalex.org/W6759491976","https://openalex.org/W6790482185","https://openalex.org/W6841199568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2524448354","https://openalex.org/W2375456104","https://openalex.org/W1985253609","https://openalex.org/W2377021172","https://openalex.org/W2376514276","https://openalex.org/W2368621827","https://openalex.org/W2372896093","https://openalex.org/W2364680178","https://openalex.org/W2370381489","https://openalex.org/W2348980775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"QLC":[0],"(4-bit-per-cell)":[1],"and":[2,25,44,72,89,96,128,136,178,202,208],"more-bit-per-cell":[3],"3D":[4],"NAND":[5],"flash":[6,59,168,181],"memories":[7,21],"are":[8],"increasingly":[9],"adopted":[10,31],"in":[11,65,173],"large":[12],"storage":[13],"systems.":[14],"While":[15],"achieving":[16],"significant":[17],"cost":[18],"reduction,":[19],"these":[20],"face":[22],"degraded":[23],"performance":[24,71,91,127,201],"reliability":[26,73,129,139],"issues.":[27],"The":[28,194],"industry":[29],"has":[30],"two-step":[32],"programming":[33],"(TSP),":[34],"rather":[35],"than":[36],"one-step":[37],"programming,":[38],"to":[39,84,114,149,159,166,183],"perform":[40],"fine-granularity":[41],"program":[42,90],"control":[43],"choose":[45],"gray-code":[46,78,113,148,186],"encoding,":[47],"as":[48,50],"well":[49],"LDPC":[51],"(Low-Density":[52],"Parity-Check":[53],"Code)":[54],"for":[55],"error":[56],"correction.":[57],"Different":[58],"manufacturers":[60],"often":[61],"integrate":[62],"different":[63,70],"gray-codes":[64],"their":[66],"products,":[67],"which":[68],"exhibit":[69],"characteristics.":[74],"Unfortunately,":[75],"a":[76,104],"fixed":[77],"encoding":[79,106],"design":[80],"lacks":[81],"the":[82,86,111,116,126,138,146,151,164,167,180,190],"ability":[83],"meet":[85,115],"dynamic":[87],"read":[88],"requirements":[92,130],"at":[93,119],"both":[94],"application":[95,156],"device":[97],"levels.In":[98],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"we":[101],"propose":[102],"MGC,":[103],"multiple-gray-code":[105],"strategy,":[107],"that":[108,197],"adaptively":[109],"chooses":[110],"best":[112],"optimization":[117],"goals":[118],"runtime.":[120],"In":[121],"particular,":[122],"MGC":[123,170,192,198],"first":[124],"extracts":[125],"based":[131],"on":[132],"application-level":[133],"access":[134],"patterns":[135],"detects":[137],"degree":[140],"of":[141],"SSD.":[142],"It":[143],"then":[144],"determines":[145],"appropriate":[147],"encode":[150],"data,":[152],"either":[153],"from":[154],"host/user":[155],"or":[157],"due":[158],"garbage":[160],"collection,":[161],"before":[162],"writing":[163],"pages":[165],"memory.":[169],"is":[171],"integrated":[172],"FTL":[174],"(flash":[175],"translation":[176],"layer)":[177],"enhances":[179],"controller":[182],"enable":[184],"runtime":[185],"arbitration.":[187],"We":[188],"evaluate":[189],"proposed":[191],"scheme.":[193],"results":[195],"show":[196],"achieves":[199],"better":[200],"lifetime":[203],"guarantee":[204],"compared":[205],"with":[206],"state-of-the-arts":[207],"introduces":[209],"little":[210],"overhead.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}