{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2255548496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca.2016.7446082","title":"CATalyst: Defeating last-level cache side channel attacks in cloud computing","display_name":"CATalyst: Defeating last-level cache side channel attacks in cloud computing","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2255548496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca.2016.7446082","mag":"2255548496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca.2016.7446082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca.2016.7446082","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101742628","display_name":"Fangfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8355-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090426938","display_name":"Qian Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-2563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["NICTA","UNSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NICTA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056484605","display_name":"Yuval Yarom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0401-4197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Yarom","raw_affiliation_strings":["NICTA","School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NICTA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015041352","display_name":"Frank Mckeen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Mckeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067945974","display_name":"Carlos Rozas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Rozas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025750562","display_name":"Gernot Heiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-0831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gernot Heiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["NICTA","UNSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NICTA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035657440","display_name":"Ruby B. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-0777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruby B. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.537,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":379,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99697193,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"406","last_page":"418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7994160056114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.7514513731002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.701442539691925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6109781265258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.547868549823761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4407689571380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.392996609210968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38777977228164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2567945122718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.25103560090065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7994160056114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.7514513731002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.701442539691925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6109781265258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.547868549823761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4407689571380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.392996609210968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38777977228164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2567945122718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.25103560090065}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca.2016.7446082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca.2016.7446082","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/108168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2440/108168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpca.2016.7446082","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35708471","https://openalex.org/W186684821","https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1503814339","https://openalex.org/W1534388293","https://openalex.org/W1570820619","https://openalex.org/W1584476834","https://openalex.org/W1591098212","https://openalex.org/W1716219110","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W1954144304","https://openalex.org/W1964281299","https://openalex.org/W1992291252","https://openalex.org/W1997493523","https://openalex.org/W2019120991","https://openalex.org/W2025539306","https://openalex.org/W2034195502","https://openalex.org/W2036853599","https://openalex.org/W2097778649","https://openalex.org/W2099317248","https://openalex.org/W2102850792","https://openalex.org/W2106728965","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2112300321","https://openalex.org/W2115078506","https://openalex.org/W2117866850","https://openalex.org/W2119028650","https://openalex.org/W2121542813","https://openalex.org/W2131726714","https://openalex.org/W2137453738","https://openalex.org/W2141181087","https://openalex.org/W2151300055","https://openalex.org/W2159520802","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2169461225","https://openalex.org/W2171863291","https://openalex.org/W2189294264","https://openalex.org/W2210258279","https://openalex.org/W2296602564","https://openalex.org/W2559892799","https://openalex.org/W2568150523","https://openalex.org/W3029601593","https://openalex.org/W4243947286","https://openalex.org/W4254817417","https://openalex.org/W6628261430","https://openalex.org/W6629297748","https://openalex.org/W6634026138","https://openalex.org/W6634823185","https://openalex.org/W6637822523","https://openalex.org/W6659722374","https://openalex.org/W6675887568","https://openalex.org/W6682076890","https://openalex.org/W6685109298","https://openalex.org/W6687115020","https://openalex.org/W6729918715","https://openalex.org/W6778437264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W2092530219","https://openalex.org/W4323824501","https://openalex.org/W2388464034","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2533125852","https://openalex.org/W2140460949","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W3131321414","https://openalex.org/W4212981280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cache":[0,104],"side":[1,41,76,120,151,203],"channel":[2,42,77,121,152,204],"attacks":[3,43,61,78,122,153,205],"are":[4,65],"serious":[5],"threats":[6],"to":[7,111,117,139,148,155,173],"multi-tenant":[8],"public":[9],"cloud":[10,94],"platforms.":[11],"Past":[12],"work":[13],"showed":[14],"how":[15,73,101],"secret":[16],"information":[17],"in":[18,56,89],"one":[19],"virtual":[20],"machine":[21],"(VM)":[22],"can":[23,79,108,206],"be":[24,80,109,145,207],"extracted":[25],"by":[26,52],"another":[27],"co-resident":[28],"VM":[29],"using":[30,82,188],"such":[31,74],"attacks.":[32],"Recent":[33],"research":[34],"demonstrated":[35],"the":[36,45,54,57,102,124,156,175],"feasibility":[37],"of":[38,160],"high-bandwidth,":[39],"low-noise":[40],"on":[44,67,123,193,225],"last-level":[46],"cache":[47,150],"(LLC),":[48],"which":[49,170],"is":[50,128],"shared":[51,125],"all":[53],"cores":[55],"processor":[58],"package,":[59],"enabling":[60],"even":[62],"when":[63,217],"VMs":[64],"scheduled":[66],"different":[68],"cores.":[69],"This":[70],"paper":[71],"shows":[72],"LLC":[75,140,176,202],"defeated":[81],"a":[83,113,129,167,178,185,194],"performance":[84,215],"optimization":[85],"feature":[86],"recently":[87],"introduced":[88],"commodity":[90],"processors.":[91],"Since":[92],"most":[93],"servers":[95],"use":[96],"Intel":[97,103,197],"processors,":[98,198],"we":[99],"show":[100,200],"Allocation":[105],"Technology":[106],"(CAT)":[107],"used":[110,147,218],"provide":[112],"system-level":[114],"protection":[115],"mechanism":[116,133,169],"defend":[118],"from":[119],"LLC.":[126],"CAT":[127,172],"way-based":[130],"hardware":[131],"cache-partitioning":[132],"for":[134,219],"enforcing":[135],"quality-of-service":[136],"with":[137,196],"respect":[138],"occupancy.":[141],"However,":[142],"it":[143,162],"cannot":[144],"directly":[146],"defeat":[149],"due":[154],"very":[157,213],"limited":[158],"number":[159],"partitions":[161],"provides.":[163],"We":[164,183],"present":[165],"CATalyst,":[166],"pseudo-locking":[168],"uses":[171],"partition":[174],"into":[177],"hybrid":[179],"hardware-software":[180],"managed":[181],"cache.":[182],"implement":[184],"proof-of-concept":[186],"system":[187],"Xen":[189],"and":[190,199,221],"Linux":[191],"running":[192],"server":[195],"that":[201],"defeated.":[208],"Furthermore,":[209],"CATalyst":[210],"only":[211],"causes":[212],"small":[214],"overhead":[216],"security,":[220],"has":[222],"negligible":[223],"impact":[224],"legacy":[226],"applications.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
