{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2114497163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hoti.2009.11","title":"Data Center Switch Architecture in the Age of Merchant Silicon","display_name":"Data Center Switch Architecture in the Age of Merchant Silicon","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2114497163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hoti.2009.11","mag":"2114497163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hoti.2009.11","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hoti.2009.11","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 17th IEEE Symposium on High Performance Interconnects","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008411562","display_name":"Nathan Farrington","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Farrington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Eng., UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Eng., UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055151439","display_name":"Erik Rubow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Rubow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Eng., UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Eng., UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050245571","display_name":"Amin Vahdat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4866-1698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Vahdat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Eng., UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Eng., UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1073,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98543213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"93","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6518837213516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center","display_name":"Data center","score":0.6218551397323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gigabit-ethernet","display_name":"Gigabit Ethernet","score":0.60423743724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5818496346473694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethernet","display_name":"Ethernet","score":0.5787929892539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.550849437713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-switch","display_name":"Network switch","score":0.5416681170463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5212095975875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5196862816810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.4886656105518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.46123576164245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.42799827456474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4160536527633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3915470242500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2660501003265381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6518837213516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.6218551397323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776379158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069084","display_name":"Gigabit Ethernet","level":3,"score":0.60423743724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5818496346473694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172173386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79984","display_name":"Ethernet","level":2,"score":0.5787929892539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.550849437713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119404949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4503","display_name":"Network switch","level":2,"score":0.5416681170463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5212095975875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5196862816810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4886656105518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.46123576164245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.42799827456474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4160536527633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3915470242500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2660501003265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hoti.2009.11","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hoti.2009.11","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 17th IEEE Symposium on High Performance Interconnects","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.161.2821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.161.2821","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/~vahdat/papers/hoti09.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.309.3782","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.309.3782","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://nathanfarrington.com/papers/merchant_silicon-hoti09.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501077214","https://openalex.org/W1982813608","https://openalex.org/W1999623120","https://openalex.org/W2011403724","https://openalex.org/W2027929919","https://openalex.org/W2096313289","https://openalex.org/W2123016589","https://openalex.org/W2130182604","https://openalex.org/W2130531694","https://openalex.org/W2157614013","https://openalex.org/W2173213060","https://openalex.org/W4238465620","https://openalex.org/W4245203543","https://openalex.org/W6630005587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W199604363","https://openalex.org/W2356904129","https://openalex.org/W2381969666","https://openalex.org/W2470579657","https://openalex.org/W2389482485","https://openalex.org/W2371105055","https://openalex.org/W2472252000","https://openalex.org/W2379698325","https://openalex.org/W4321637278","https://openalex.org/W2371348519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"data":[1,49,77,94],"center":[2,78,95],"networks":[3,25],"that":[4,53],"scale":[5],"to":[6,58,85,114,153,156],"tens":[7],"of":[8,10,15,43,110,118,128,146],"thousands":[9],"ports":[11],"require":[12],"the":[13,41,48,67,144],"use":[14],"highly-specialized":[16],"ASICs,":[17],"with":[18],"correspondingly":[19],"high":[20],"development":[21],"costs.":[22],"Simultaneously,":[23],"these":[24],"also":[26],"face":[27],"significant":[28],"performance":[29],"and":[30,37,45,74,88,106,142],"management":[31],"limitations.":[32],"Just":[33],"as":[34,66,97],"commodity":[35,62],"processors":[36],"disks":[38],"now":[39],"form":[40],"basis":[42,68],"computing":[44],"storage":[46],"in":[47],"center,":[50],"we":[51],"argue":[52],"there":[54],"is":[55],"an":[56,92],"opportunity":[57],"leverage":[59],"emerging":[60],"high-speed":[61],"merchant":[63,107],"switch":[64,101],"silicon":[65,108],"for":[69],"a":[70,98,103,115,122],"scalable,":[71],"cost-effective,":[72],"modular,":[73],"more":[75],"manageable":[76],"network":[79,96],"fabric.":[80],"This":[81],"paper":[82],"describes":[83],"how":[84],"save":[86],"cost":[87],"power":[89],"by":[90],"repackaging":[91],"entire":[93],"distributed":[99],"multi-stage":[100],"using":[102],"fat-tree":[104],"topology":[105],"instead":[109],"proprietary":[111],"ASICs.":[112],"Compared":[113],"fat":[116],"tree":[117],"discrete":[119],"packet":[120],"switches,":[121],"3,456-port":[123],"10":[124],"Gigabit":[125],"Ethernet":[126],"realization":[127],"our":[129],"architecture":[130],"costs":[131],"52%":[132],"less,":[133],"consumes":[134],"31%":[135],"less":[136,140],"power,":[137],"occupies":[138],"84%":[139],"space,":[141],"reduces":[143],"number":[145],"long,":[147],"cumbersome":[148],"cables":[149],"from":[150],"6,912":[151],"down":[152],"96,":[154],"relative":[155],"existing":[157],"approaches.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}