{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399396324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host55342.2024.10545386","title":"A Thorough Study of State Leakage Mitigation in Quantum Computing with One-Time Pad","display_name":"A Thorough Study of State Leakage Mitigation in Quantum Computing with One-Time Pad","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399396324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host55342.2024.10545386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/host55342.2024.10545386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host55342.2024.10545386","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101523308","display_name":"Chuanqi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7518-5399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chuanqi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering,New Haven,CT,USA","Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering,New Haven,CT,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081134036","display_name":"Jamie Sikora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-9133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Sikora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Blacksburg,VA,USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Dept. of Computer Science,Blacksburg,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044387689","display_name":"Jakub Szefer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9721-3640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakub Szefer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering,New Haven,CT,USA","Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering,New Haven,CT,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101523308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5383,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90445897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"55","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reset","display_name":"Reset (finance)","score":0.7939484715461731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.7734034061431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7617159485816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.6544915437698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6156234741210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.6063575744628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4998311996459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4846802055835724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.46866902709007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4626643657684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.423844575881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34569457173347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32086995244026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22532403469085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07430523633956909}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779795794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315343","display_name":"Reset (finance)","level":2,"score":0.7939484715461731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.7734034061431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7617159485816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.6544915437698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6156234741210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.6063575744628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4998311996459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4846802055835724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.46866902709007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4626643657684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.423844575881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34569457173347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32086995244026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22532403469085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07430523633956909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/host55342.2024.10545386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host55342.2024.10545386","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4284145376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2312754","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566766357","https://openalex.org/W2042664564","https://openalex.org/W2043414726","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2097527197","https://openalex.org/W2098611377","https://openalex.org/W2117980155","https://openalex.org/W2160863864","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2339935580","https://openalex.org/W2582029817","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2949093047","https://openalex.org/W2950805899","https://openalex.org/W3047634080","https://openalex.org/W3093357534","https://openalex.org/W3098281873","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3102951873","https://openalex.org/W3155537204","https://openalex.org/W3209612530","https://openalex.org/W4292070398","https://openalex.org/W4308411653","https://openalex.org/W4313141293","https://openalex.org/W4378191729","https://openalex.org/W4388856928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134613344","https://openalex.org/W4386721994","https://openalex.org/W4220701436","https://openalex.org/W4288020428","https://openalex.org/W4281396976","https://openalex.org/W2041206904","https://openalex.org/W4292387542","https://openalex.org/W2989046916","https://openalex.org/W204679888","https://openalex.org/W4285214172"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ability":[1],"for":[2,33,55,68,180],"users":[3],"to":[4,48,58,76,94,101,119,168,204],"access":[5],"quantum":[6,26,106,149,161,248],"computers":[7,27,107],"through":[8],"the":[9,50,56,61,69,72,79,82,85,97,123,144,158,165,170,184,194,211,221,241],"cloud":[10],"has":[11],"increased":[12],"rapidly":[13],"in":[14,105,122,148,216],"recent":[15],"years.":[16],"Despite":[17],"still":[18],"being":[19,30],"Noisy":[20],"Intermediate-Scale":[21],"Quantum":[22,39],"(NISQ)":[23],"machines,":[24],"modern":[25],"are":[28],"now":[29],"actively":[31],"employed":[32],"research":[34],"and":[35,67,103,108,131,151,160,232,246],"by":[36,156,175,219],"numerous":[37],"startups.":[38],"algorithms":[40],"typically":[41],"produce":[42,49],"probabilistic":[43],"results,":[44],"necessitating":[45],"repeated":[46],"execution":[47,57,74,182],"desired":[51],"outcomes.":[52],"In":[53,186],"order":[54],"begin":[59],"from":[60],"specified":[62],"ground":[63],"state":[64,145,171,206,217],"each":[65,92,181],"time":[66],"results":[70,80],"of":[71,81,134,183,213,223,229,243],"prior":[73],"not":[75],"interfere":[77],"with":[78],"subsequent":[83],"execution,":[84],"reset":[86,96,111,115,166,244],"mechanism":[87,167],"must":[88],"be":[89],"performed":[90],"between":[91],"iteration":[93],"effectively":[95],"qubits.":[98],"However,":[99],"due":[100],"noise":[102],"errors":[104,121,215],"specifically":[109],"these":[110],"mechanisms,":[112],"a":[113,154],"noisy":[114],"operation":[116],"may":[117],"lead":[118],"systematic":[120],"overall":[124],"computation,":[125],"as":[126,128],"well":[127],"potential":[129],"security":[130],"privacy":[132],"vulnerabilities":[133],"information":[135],"leakage.":[136,207],"To":[137],"counter":[138],"this":[139,188],"issue,":[140],"we":[141,209],"thoroughly":[142],"examine":[143],"leakage":[146,224],"problem":[147],"computing,":[150],"then":[152],"propose":[153],"solution":[155],"employing":[157],"classical":[159,195],"one-time":[162,196],"pads":[163],"before":[164],"prevent":[169],"leakage,":[172,218],"which":[173,193,198],"works":[174],"randomly":[176],"applying":[177],"simple":[178],"gates":[179],"circuit.":[185],"addition,":[187],"work":[189],"explores":[190],"conditions":[191],"under":[192,225],"pad,":[197],"uses":[199],"fewer":[200],"resources,":[201],"is":[202],"sufficient":[203],"protect":[205],"Finally,":[208],"study":[210],"role":[212],"various":[214],"evaluating":[220],"degrees":[222],"different":[226],"error":[227],"levels":[228],"gate,":[230],"measurement,":[231],"sampling":[233],"errors.":[234],"Our":[235],"findings":[236],"offer":[237],"new":[238],"perspectives":[239],"on":[240],"design":[242],"mechanisms":[245],"secure":[247],"computing":[249],"systems.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
