{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378174275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host55118.2023.10133716","title":"Hardware-Software Co-design for Side-Channel Protected Neural Network Inference","display_name":"Hardware-Software Co-design for Side-Channel Protected Neural Network Inference","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378174275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host55118.2023.10133716"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/host55118.2023.10133716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host55118.2023.10133716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008761074","display_name":"Anuj Dubey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-3609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anuj Dubey","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085883266","display_name":"Rosario Cammarota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2965-8987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosario Cammarota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019925802","display_name":"Avinash L. Varna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4189-5860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158342","display_name":"Intel (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/058cxws58","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I4210158342"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avinash Varna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074467331","display_name":"Raghavan Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7399-1886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghavan Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062027964","display_name":"Ayd\u0131n Aysu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-8710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin Aysu","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1421,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82105674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"155","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8407646417617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coprocessor","display_name":"Coprocessor","score":0.7097151279449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6011902689933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5922965407371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.5879033803939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5466530323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4827503561973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4770059883594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.46104711294174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.45504772663116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.44224172830581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-processor","display_name":"Network processor","score":0.41895830631256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4173811674118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3865056335926056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2792902886867523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.25435012578964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.23417484760284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16212788224220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10990899801254272}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8407646417617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86111242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859595","display_name":"Coprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7097151279449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6011902689933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5922965407371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.5879033803939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5466530323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4827503561973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4770059883594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.46104711294174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.45504772663116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.44224172830581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74366991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2755335","display_name":"Network processor","level":3,"score":0.41895830631256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4173811674118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3865056335926056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2792902886867523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.25435012578964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.23417484760284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16212788224220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10990899801254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/host55118.2023.10133716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host55118.2023.10133716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W220440441","https://openalex.org/W1541150254","https://openalex.org/W1592625985","https://openalex.org/W1607006990","https://openalex.org/W1873852107","https://openalex.org/W1928278792","https://openalex.org/W2066508184","https://openalex.org/W2112002249","https://openalex.org/W2132250906","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2170302354","https://openalex.org/W2219812381","https://openalex.org/W2524428287","https://openalex.org/W2534456676","https://openalex.org/W2900219123","https://openalex.org/W2915480215","https://openalex.org/W2965565691","https://openalex.org/W2989659803","https://openalex.org/W3012561096","https://openalex.org/W3034714449","https://openalex.org/W3081488247","https://openalex.org/W3082020764","https://openalex.org/W3110986688","https://openalex.org/W3111265624","https://openalex.org/W3114165286","https://openalex.org/W3114482311","https://openalex.org/W3116079126","https://openalex.org/W3117961507","https://openalex.org/W3118164462","https://openalex.org/W3147371844","https://openalex.org/W3166251174","https://openalex.org/W3183900321","https://openalex.org/W3197298723","https://openalex.org/W3209687107","https://openalex.org/W3216958329","https://openalex.org/W4221015304","https://openalex.org/W4246001895","https://openalex.org/W4252227927","https://openalex.org/W4281610795","https://openalex.org/W4288117700","https://openalex.org/W4294691467","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6727208969","https://openalex.org/W6766787143","https://openalex.org/W6775078712","https://openalex.org/W6960215040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137567370","https://openalex.org/W1988690899","https://openalex.org/W2282045800","https://openalex.org/W1828767204","https://openalex.org/W2443879470","https://openalex.org/W2900215011","https://openalex.org/W2354319712","https://openalex.org/W2377085856","https://openalex.org/W3004408035","https://openalex.org/W196749857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"side-channel":[1],"attacks":[2,21],"are":[3,58,165],"a":[4,16,97,105,131,171],"major":[5],"threat":[6],"to":[7,28,115,145,160,167,185],"stealing":[8],"confidential":[9],"data":[10],"from":[11],"devices.":[12],"There":[13],"has":[14,35],"been":[15,37],"recent":[17],"surge":[18],"in":[19,60,109,130],"such":[20,46],"on":[22,41],"edge":[23,83],"machine":[24],"learning":[25],"(ML)":[26],"hardware":[27],"extract":[29],"the":[30,70,137,147,151,157,168,177,182],"model":[31],"parameters.":[32],"Consequently,":[33],"there":[34],"also":[36],"work,":[38],"although":[39],"limited,":[40],"building":[42,76],"corresponding":[43],"defenses":[44],"against":[45],"attacks.":[47],"Current":[48],"solutions":[49],"take":[50],"either":[51],"fully":[52,54],"software-or":[53],"hardware-centric":[55],"approaches,":[56],"which":[57],"limited":[59],"performance":[61,88],"and":[62,85,89,126],"flexibility,":[63],"respectively.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68,95,175],"propose":[69],"first":[71],"hardware-software":[72],"co-design":[73],"solution":[74,81],"for":[75],"side-channel-protected":[77],"ML":[78],"hardware.":[79],"Our":[80,111],"targets":[82],"devices":[84],"addresses":[86],"both":[87],"flexibility":[90],"needs.":[91],"To":[92],"that":[93,102,164],"end,":[94],"develop":[96],"secure":[98,133,152],"RISCV-based":[99],"coprocessor":[100,112],"design":[101,183],"can":[103],"execute":[104,116],"neural":[106,118],"network":[107,119],"implemented":[108],"C/C++.":[110],"uses":[113],"masking":[114,148],"various":[117],"operations":[120],"like":[121],"weighted":[122],"summations,":[123],"activation":[124],"functions,":[125],"output":[127],"layer":[128],"computation":[129],"sidechannel":[132,179],"fashion.":[134],"We":[135,154],"extend":[136],"original":[138],"RV32I":[139],"instruction":[140],"set":[141],"with":[142],"custom":[143,158],"instructions":[144,159],"control":[146],"gadgets":[149],"inside":[150],"coprocessor.":[153],"further":[155],"use":[156],"implement":[161],"easy-to-use":[162],"APIs":[163],"exposed":[166],"end-user":[169],"as":[170],"shared":[172],"library.":[173],"Finally,":[174],"demonstrate":[176],"empirical":[178],"security":[180],"of":[181],"up":[184],"1M":[186],"traces.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}