{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226229987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host49136.2021.9702275","title":"Morpheus II: A RISC-V Security Extension for Protecting Vulnerable Software and Hardware","display_name":"Morpheus II: A RISC-V Security Extension for Protecting Vulnerable Software and Hardware","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226229987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host49136.2021.9702275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/host49136.2021.9702275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host49136.2021.9702275","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071360635","display_name":"Austin Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6531-1526"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Austin Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015297684","display_name":"Tarunesh Verma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarunesh Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052466712","display_name":"Shijia Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4513-5334"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijia Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042598156","display_name":"Lauren Biernacki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8511-2287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Biernacki","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073336574","display_name":"Alex Kisil","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Kisil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agita Labs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agita Labs","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045919596","display_name":"Misiker Tadesse Aga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misiker Tadesse Aga","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030335506","display_name":"Valeria Bertacco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-3368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Bertacco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050964144","display_name":"Baris Kasikci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6122-8998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baris Kasikci","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071185644","display_name":"Mohit Tiwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1836-3451"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113456715","display_name":"Todd Austin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Austin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan","Agita Labs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agita Labs","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3993,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85458521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"226","last_page":"238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9437000155448914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7073075771331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.64998859167099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4932369589805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.49274757504463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49202749133110046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduced-instruction-set-computing","display_name":"Reduced instruction set computing","score":0.4389491379261017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4282952845096588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3898400366306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set","display_name":"Instruction set","score":0.21399813890457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.19186285138130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17784404754638672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7073075771331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.64998859167099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4932369589805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.49274757504463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49202749133110046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126298526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189376","display_name":"Reduced instruction set computing","level":3,"score":0.4389491379261017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4282952845096588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3898400366306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.21399813890457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.19186285138130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17784404754638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/host49136.2021.9702275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host49136.2021.9702275","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G592998086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011-18-C-0019,NSF 1453806,1704778,1817020,SRC UTA19-001350,2019-TS-2965","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1112477","https://openalex.org/W1538332098","https://openalex.org/W1816718056","https://openalex.org/W1963947298","https://openalex.org/W1969501726","https://openalex.org/W2004211666","https://openalex.org/W2027943104","https://openalex.org/W2033593513","https://openalex.org/W2036033615","https://openalex.org/W2042856445","https://openalex.org/W2101699859","https://openalex.org/W2102902405","https://openalex.org/W2106887144","https://openalex.org/W2109219878","https://openalex.org/W2117798902","https://openalex.org/W2119055825","https://openalex.org/W2123034525","https://openalex.org/W2136021246","https://openalex.org/W2136938453","https://openalex.org/W2138517425","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2180474751","https://openalex.org/W2255548496","https://openalex.org/W2293825325","https://openalex.org/W2295234910","https://openalex.org/W2400329567","https://openalex.org/W2406423978","https://openalex.org/W2491836893","https://openalex.org/W2523221082","https://openalex.org/W2622648307","https://openalex.org/W2722741879","https://openalex.org/W2798554197","https://openalex.org/W2808273647","https://openalex.org/W2808492852","https://openalex.org/W2884076027","https://openalex.org/W2884267664","https://openalex.org/W2953977010","https://openalex.org/W2979641711","https://openalex.org/W3081020884","https://openalex.org/W3101626044","https://openalex.org/W3138733102","https://openalex.org/W4232751114","https://openalex.org/W4238851087","https://openalex.org/W6600040955","https://openalex.org/W6638487575","https://openalex.org/W6675317556","https://openalex.org/W6677689127","https://openalex.org/W6680659772","https://openalex.org/W6723399092"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W4361205702","https://openalex.org/W2385965183","https://openalex.org/W4289281780","https://openalex.org/W2013342653","https://openalex.org/W2901818815","https://openalex.org/W4237598585","https://openalex.org/W2359552542","https://openalex.org/W2374897487","https://openalex.org/W1993387723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Morpheus":[0,12,19,68,103,109,130],"II":[1,13,69,110,131],"is":[2],"a":[3,73,78,112,119],"secure":[4],"processor":[5],"designed":[6],"to":[7,26,35,51,77,142],"prevent":[8],"control":[9],"flow":[10],"attacks.":[11,38],"strengthens":[14],"the":[15,18,47,124],"defenses":[16,132],"of":[17,114,145],"[1]":[20],"processor,":[21],"by":[22,93],"deploying":[23],"always-on":[24],"encryption":[25],"obfuscate":[27],"code":[28,54,56],"and":[29,55,62],"pointers":[30,57],"along":[31],"with":[32,58],"runtime":[33],"churn":[34],"thwart":[36],"side-channel":[37],"Focusing":[39],"on":[40,82,123],"Remote":[41],"Code":[42],"Execution":[43],"attacks,":[44],"we":[45,107],"modified":[46],"RISC-V":[48],"Rocket":[49],"core":[50],"support":[52],"always-encrypted":[53],"negligible":[59],"performance":[60],"impact":[61],"less":[63],"than":[64],"2%":[65],"area":[66],"overhead.":[67],"was":[70,88],"deployed":[71],"running":[72],"web":[74,125],"server":[75],"interface":[76],"mock":[79],"medical":[80],"database":[81],"AWS":[83],"F1":[84],"instances,":[85],"where":[86],"it":[87],"red-teamed":[89],"for":[90,138],"three":[91],"months":[92],"over":[94],"500":[95],"security":[96],"researchers.":[97],"No":[98],"vulnerabilities":[99],"were":[100],"discovered":[101],"in":[102],"II.":[104],"In":[105],"addition,":[106],"evaluated":[108],"against":[111],"range":[113],"CWE":[115],"attack":[116,122],"classes":[117],"including":[118],"Blind":[120,134],"ROP":[121,135],"server.":[126],"We":[127],"show":[128],"that":[129],"increase":[133],"probe":[136],"time":[137],"gadgets":[139],"from":[140],"weeks":[141],"likely":[143],"thousands":[144],"years.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}