{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212999686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host49136.2021.9702274","title":"TRRScope: Understanding Target Row Refresh Mechanism for Modern DDR Protection","display_name":"TRRScope: Understanding Target Row Refresh Mechanism for Modern DDR Protection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212999686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host49136.2021.9702274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/host49136.2021.9702274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host49136.2021.9702274","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101705761","display_name":"Yichen Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9139-3799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yichen Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024568191","display_name":"Huifeng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-1911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huifeng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076364292","display_name":"Haoqi Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1440-1828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoqi Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011794280","display_name":"Xiaolong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9896-9407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansas State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102719408","display_name":"Xuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9150-5634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017464942","display_name":"Yier Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-0597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yier Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101705761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4192,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71040622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"239","last_page":"247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4847526252269745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protection-mechanism","display_name":"Protection mechanism","score":0.4547741115093231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4463014602661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4443260133266449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.43166887760162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4214402139186859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4150366187095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.1268111765384674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.06178903579711914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4847526252269745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778717966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4189076","display_name":"Protection mechanism","level":3,"score":0.4547741115093231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4463014602661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4443260133266449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.43166887760162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4214402139186859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4150366187095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1268111765384674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.06178903579711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/host49136.2021.9702274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host49136.2021.9702274","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157116240","https://openalex.org/W2163563130","https://openalex.org/W2505343551","https://openalex.org/W2751092112","https://openalex.org/W2769824527","https://openalex.org/W2795222486","https://openalex.org/W2886541648","https://openalex.org/W2897639728","https://openalex.org/W2899469948","https://openalex.org/W2939057911","https://openalex.org/W2962726564","https://openalex.org/W2974891422","https://openalex.org/W3046609696","https://openalex.org/W4233459511","https://openalex.org/W4297740902","https://openalex.org/W6684146691","https://openalex.org/W6720892955","https://openalex.org/W6725368715","https://openalex.org/W6744009158","https://openalex.org/W6753951102","https://openalex.org/W6756176480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2368753342","https://openalex.org/W2357327549","https://openalex.org/W2365866309","https://openalex.org/W2379406673","https://openalex.org/W2373241152","https://openalex.org/W2377238583","https://openalex.org/W2389535829","https://openalex.org/W2350752952","https://openalex.org/W2296102517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced":[0],"DDR":[1,21],"memories":[2],"are":[3,117,140,187],"widely":[4,62],"used":[5,63],"in":[6,29,64,160],"almost":[7],"all":[8],"electronic":[9],"devices":[10],"and":[11,27,38,60,96,154],"computing":[12,31],"systems.":[13,32],"Therefore,":[14],"Rowhammer":[15,79,97,122],"attack,":[16,123],"a":[17,68,78,165,202],"hardware-based":[18],"attack":[19,80,98],"targeting":[20],"memory,":[22],"severely":[23],"threatens":[24],"data":[25],"security":[26,132],"privacy":[28],"modern":[30],"Among":[33],"existing":[34],"solutions,":[35],"the":[36,43,53,74,104,121,131,143,157,175,210,213],"leading":[37],"most":[39],"effective":[40],"example":[41],"is":[42,50,61,81,99,110],"Target":[44],"Row":[45],"Refresh":[46],"(TRR)":[47],"mechanism.":[48,217],"TRR":[49,71,92,134,137,151,158,215],"proposed":[51,214],"as":[52,87],"standard":[54],"protection":[55,69,115,152],"mechanism":[56],"by":[57],"JEDEC":[58],"[1]":[59],"DDR4":[65,106,144,191,205],"memory.":[66,107],"As":[67],"scheme,":[70],"will":[72],"refresh":[73],"victim":[75],"row":[76],"once":[77],"detected.":[82],"However,":[83,136],"recent":[84],"work":[85],"such":[86],"TRRespass":[88],"[2]":[89],"shows":[90],"that":[91,113],"can":[93],"be":[94],"bypassed":[95],"still":[100,111],"possible":[101],"even":[102],"on":[103],"latest":[105],"While":[108],"it":[109,124],"believed":[112],"TRR-like":[114],"mechanisms":[116,153,177],"promising":[118],"solutions":[119],"against":[120],"becomes":[125],"an":[126],"urgent":[127],"task":[128],"to":[129,142,148,173],"improve":[130,156],"of":[133,178,204,212],"mechanisms.":[135],"implementation":[138],"details":[139],"proprietary":[141],"manufacturers.":[145,196],"In":[146],"order":[147],"better":[149],"understand":[150,174],"help":[155],"implementation,":[159],"this":[161],"paper,":[162],"we":[163,208],"propose":[164],"novel":[166],"timing":[167],"side-channel":[168],"based":[169],"reverse":[170],"engineering":[171],"method":[172],"underlying":[176],"TRR.":[179],"We":[180],"then":[181],"thoroughly":[182],"analyze":[183],"different":[184,195],"implementations":[185],"which":[186],"integrated":[188],"into":[189],"various":[190],"memory":[192,206],"chips":[193],"from":[194,201],"With":[197],"experimental":[198],"results":[199],"collected":[200],"range":[203],"chips,":[207],"prove":[209],"effectiveness":[211],"recovery":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
