{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113745592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host45689.2020.9300268","title":"BitJabber: The World\u2019s Fastest Electromagnetic Covert Channel","display_name":"BitJabber: The World\u2019s Fastest Electromagnetic Covert Channel","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113745592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host45689.2020.9300268","mag":"3113745592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/host45689.2020.9300268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host45689.2020.9300268","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010864491","display_name":"Zihao Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-9056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University","Vanderbilt University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101696649","display_name":"Zhenkai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9025-3460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenkai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023397404","display_name":"Xenofon Koutsoukos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0923-6293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xenofon Koutsoukos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4149,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91529756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"35","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.8917979001998901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source","display_name":"Communication source","score":0.8195655345916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7325595021247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.6493794918060303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6378425359725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.531326949596405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4031801223754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2111421823501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.08085277676582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07001239061355591}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.8917979001998901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.8195655345916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7325595021247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.6493794918060303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6378425359725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.531326949596405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4031801223754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2111421823501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.08085277676582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07001239061355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/host45689.2020.9300268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/host45689.2020.9300268","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1018939436","https://openalex.org/W1230022372","https://openalex.org/W1494212869","https://openalex.org/W1533145153","https://openalex.org/W1606804836","https://openalex.org/W1811605617","https://openalex.org/W2013066047","https://openalex.org/W2014051288","https://openalex.org/W2016713126","https://openalex.org/W2037322308","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2104182023","https://openalex.org/W2112353775","https://openalex.org/W2119028650","https://openalex.org/W2125115094","https://openalex.org/W2293242834","https://openalex.org/W2330270191","https://openalex.org/W2471438234","https://openalex.org/W2505343551","https://openalex.org/W2562036180","https://openalex.org/W2593459094","https://openalex.org/W2599189014","https://openalex.org/W2609035835","https://openalex.org/W2744703251","https://openalex.org/W2767850802","https://openalex.org/W2786372314","https://openalex.org/W2793118248","https://openalex.org/W2890909432","https://openalex.org/W2953223508","https://openalex.org/W2962789418","https://openalex.org/W2962909198","https://openalex.org/W2964118667","https://openalex.org/W2970952103","https://openalex.org/W2982768540","https://openalex.org/W3015367674","https://openalex.org/W3106303176","https://openalex.org/W4236972303","https://openalex.org/W4294903830","https://openalex.org/W4297740902","https://openalex.org/W4298174554","https://openalex.org/W4299953963","https://openalex.org/W4301906086","https://openalex.org/W6626589854","https://openalex.org/W6627969867","https://openalex.org/W6631841752","https://openalex.org/W6678770513","https://openalex.org/W6720159607","https://openalex.org/W6720892955","https://openalex.org/W6725368715","https://openalex.org/W6735191300","https://openalex.org/W6746040708","https://openalex.org/W6748420944","https://openalex.org/W6748734367","https://openalex.org/W6750125477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W1568579691","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W4386075149","https://openalex.org/W4239080508","https://openalex.org/W2326198059","https://openalex.org/W4319780484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"air-gapped":[1,173],"computer":[2,174],"is":[3,87,153],"physically":[4],"isolated":[5],"from":[6,171],"unsecured":[7],"networks":[8],"to":[9,17,40,62,93,128,146,184],"guarantee":[10],"effective":[11],"protection":[12],"against":[13],"data":[14,21,42,169],"exfiltration.":[15],"Due":[16],"air":[18,46],"gaps,":[19],"unauthorized":[20],"transfer":[22],"seems":[23],"impossible":[24],"over":[25],"legitimate":[26],"communication":[27],"channels,":[28],"but":[29],"in":[30,176],"reality":[31],"many":[32],"so-called":[33],"physical":[34,66,81],"covert":[35,51,82,102,151,165],"channels":[36,52],"can":[37,104,167],"be":[38,105],"constructed":[39],"allow":[41],"exfiltration":[43,170],"across":[44],"the":[45,69,72,118,121,130,136],"gaps.":[47],"Most":[48],"of":[49],"such":[50],"are":[53],"very":[54,142,155],"slow":[55],"and":[56,71,90],"often":[57],"require":[58],"certain":[59],"strict":[60],"conditions":[61],"work":[63],"(e.g.,":[64],"no":[65],"obstacles":[67],"between":[68],"sender":[70,111,119],"receiver).":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75,101,149,164],"paper,":[76],"we":[77],"introduce":[78],"a":[79,114,141,177],"new":[80,150],"channel":[83,103,122,152,166],"named":[84],"BitJabber":[85],"that":[86,100],"extremely":[88],"fast":[89],"strong":[91],"enough":[92],"even":[94],"penetrate":[95],"concrete":[96,181],"walls.":[97],"We":[98],"show":[99],"easily":[106],"created":[107],"by":[108,123,135],"an":[109,172],"unprivileged":[110],"running":[112],"on":[113],"victim's":[115],"computer.":[116],"Specifically,":[117],"constructs":[120],"using":[124],"only":[125],"memory":[126],"accesses":[127],"modulate":[129],"electromagnetic":[131],"(EM)":[132],"signals":[133],"generated":[134],"DRAM":[137],"clock.":[138],"While":[139],"possessing":[140],"high":[143],"bandwidth":[144],"(up":[145],"300,000":[147],"bps),":[148],"also":[154],"reliable":[156],"(less":[157],"than":[158],"1%":[159],"error":[160],"rate).":[161],"More":[162],"importantly,":[163],"enable":[168],"enclosed":[175],"room":[178],"with":[179],"thick":[180],"walls":[182],"up":[183],"15":[185],"cm.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
