{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1974153561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/his.2011.6122140","title":"Artificial immune algorithm based gravimetric fluid dispensing machine","display_name":"Artificial immune algorithm based gravimetric fluid dispensing machine","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1974153561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/his.2011.6122140","mag":"1974153561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/his.2011.6122140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/his.2011.6122140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 11th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109536615","display_name":"David F. W. Yap","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32589535","display_name":"Technical University of Malaysia Malacca","ror":"https://ror.org/01xb6rs26","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David F. W. Yap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Malacca, Malaysia","Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Malacca, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S. P. Koh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. P. Koh","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), km 7, Kajang-Puchong Road, 43009 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), km 7, Kajang-Puchong Road, 43009 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S. K. Tiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. K. Tiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), km 7, Kajang-Puchong Road, 43009 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), km 7, Kajang-Puchong Road, 43009 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002363192","display_name":"Edwin Yih Shyang Sim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Y. S. Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), km 7, Kajang-Puchong Road, 43009 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), km 7, Kajang-Puchong Road, 43009 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024206844","display_name":"M. W. Yaw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. W. Yaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), km 7, Kajang-Puchong Road, 43009 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), km 7, Kajang-Puchong Road, 43009 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06803751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"406","last_page":"410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11020","display_name":"Immune Cell Function and Interaction","score":0.9072999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6168546676635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.5572446584701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5424715876579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5067804455757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4735150635242462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","score":0.4673269987106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3289724588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20076003670692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2005079984664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.12010601162910461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.0901576578617096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6168546676635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.5572446584701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5424715876579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5067804455757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4735150635242462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4673269987106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3289724588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20076003670692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2005079984664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12010601162910461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0901576578617096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/his.2011.6122140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/his.2011.6122140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 11th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1791032337","https://openalex.org/W2133228544","https://openalex.org/W2164934768","https://openalex.org/W2169167199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040398333","https://openalex.org/W2763152318","https://openalex.org/W2187813406","https://openalex.org/W1878742981","https://openalex.org/W2902660993","https://openalex.org/W1501882840","https://openalex.org/W2137992531","https://openalex.org/W1982160337","https://openalex.org/W2373038869","https://openalex.org/W2378214808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,32,53,95,121],"the":[2,9,30,33,51,67,73,93,103,119,122,133,138],"most":[3],"prominent":[4],"methods":[5],"used":[6,136],"in":[7,115,132,137],"handling":[8],"end":[10,31],"process":[11],"for":[12,106],"materials-mixing":[13],"is":[14,47],"by":[15,49],"having":[16],"a":[17],"dispensing":[18,22,34,42,75,125,134],"system.":[19],"An":[20],"effective":[21],"method":[23],"using":[24,83],"Pulse":[25],"Width":[26],"Modulation":[27],"(PWM)":[28],"at":[29],"sequence":[35],"with":[36,86],"Artificial":[37],"Immune":[38],"System":[39],"(AIS)":[40],"automatic":[41],"parameter":[43,128],"fine":[44],"tuning":[45,129],"capability":[46],"proposed":[48],"optimizing":[50],"components":[52],"Dispensing":[54],"Time":[55,58],"and":[56,63,98,126],"Stopping":[57],"Delay":[59],"to":[60,117],"obtain":[61],"constant":[62],"accurate":[64],"reading":[65],"from":[66],"precision":[68],"balance":[69],"scale.":[70],"Based":[71],"on":[72],"new":[74],"sequence,":[76],"experimental":[77],"tests":[78],"had":[79],"been":[80],"carried":[81],"out":[82],"different":[84],"materials":[85],"varying":[87],"viscosities.":[88],"The":[89],"results":[90],"denote":[91],"that":[92],"combination":[94],"both":[96],"PWM":[97],"AIS":[99],"techniques":[100],"would":[101],"minimize":[102],"error":[104],"rate":[105],"overshooting":[107],"while":[108],"exhibiting":[109],"better":[110],"accuracy.":[111],"These":[112],"are":[113],"important":[114],"order":[116],"overcome":[118],"limitations":[120],"conventional":[123],"volumetric":[124],"manual":[127],"presently":[130],"applied":[131],"system":[135],"coatings":[139],"industry.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}