{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168654843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2003.1173742","title":"A field study of use of synchronous chat in online courses","display_name":"A field study of use of synchronous chat in online courses","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168654843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2003.1173742","mag":"2168654843"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hicss.2003.1173742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2003.1173742","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062422889","display_name":"David H. Spencer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5314-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D.H. Spencer","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Institute of Technology, Rutgers University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Institute of Technology, Rutgers University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575","https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110670740","display_name":"Starr Roxanne Hiltz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.R. Hiltz","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062422889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142","https://openalex.org/I118118575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9946,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97502101,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"10 pp.","last_page":"10 pp."},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.8739084005355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.8530266284942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6541220545768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-chat","display_name":"Online chat","score":0.6480703353881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chat-room","display_name":"Chat room","score":0.5629157423973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facilitation","display_name":"Facilitation","score":0.5402640104293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5292935371398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-learning","display_name":"Asynchronous learning","score":0.4844958484172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-mediated-communication","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","score":0.47992759943008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4423767626285553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.44144538044929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3825578987598419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3555174469947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.3329234719276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronous-learning","display_name":"Synchronous learning","score":0.24513301253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23685479164123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-method","display_name":"Teaching method","score":0.2212931513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.18731525540351868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperative-learning","display_name":"Cooperative learning","score":0.17013588547706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08618882298469543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.8739084005355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.8530266284942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6541220545768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776849261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287198","display_name":"Online chat","level":3,"score":0.6480703353881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777352073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574577","display_name":"Chat room","level":3,"score":0.5629157423973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1337776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941955","display_name":"Facilitation","level":2,"score":0.5402640104293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5292935371398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777072894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4812204","display_name":"Asynchronous learning","level":5,"score":0.4844958484172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109778625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","level":3,"score":0.47992759943008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4423767626285553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44144538044929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3825578987598419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3555174469947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3329234719276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19122763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662215","display_name":"Synchronous learning","level":4,"score":0.24513301253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23685479164123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.2212931513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.18731525540351868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51672120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303446","display_name":"Cooperative learning","level":3,"score":0.17013588547706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08618882298469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hicss.2003.1173742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2003.1173742","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.105.8030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.105.8030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/hicss/2003/1874/01/187410036.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.201.7032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.201.7032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.pegasus.rutgers.edu/~dspencer/CLTSL03.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76254943","https://openalex.org/W1494731485","https://openalex.org/W1584582210","https://openalex.org/W1588530666","https://openalex.org/W1784235890","https://openalex.org/W1990599378","https://openalex.org/W2032633302","https://openalex.org/W2045476512","https://openalex.org/W2054432800","https://openalex.org/W2057980037","https://openalex.org/W2058300759","https://openalex.org/W2108752510","https://openalex.org/W2117750659","https://openalex.org/W2316972015","https://openalex.org/W2406356693","https://openalex.org/W3096553124","https://openalex.org/W6600233362","https://openalex.org/W6603128357","https://openalex.org/W6658476690","https://openalex.org/W6713911150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2561603674","https://openalex.org/W2706851798","https://openalex.org/W2363671405","https://openalex.org/W3189247758","https://openalex.org/W2464082432","https://openalex.org/W2002507663","https://openalex.org/W1843060336","https://openalex.org/W2334791157","https://openalex.org/W1965834481","https://openalex.org/W2793193664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"field":[1],"study":[2],"of":[3,43,62,75,99,102,118,132,162,167,243],"computer":[4],"mediated":[5],"communication":[6],"(CMC)":[7],"as":[8,141,143],"used":[9,111],"in":[10,20,104,121,165,183,195,207,218,261],"higher":[11],"education":[12],"asks":[13],"the":[14,38,41,50,60,100,133,139,159,172,176,189,239],"questions,":[15],"\"Will":[16],"students":[17,32,91,119,173,217,226],"take":[18],"part":[19],"synchronous":[21,44,76,163],"chat":[22,45,103,123,186,201,229,244],"sessions":[23,124,140,164,211],"if":[24],"they":[25,230],"are":[26],"scheduled?":[27],"\"":[28],"and":[29,33,40,107,130,188,204,235],"\"What":[30],"do":[31,148,231],"faculty":[34],"perceive":[35],"to":[36,95,112,128,147,170,175,192,258],"be":[37],"problems":[39,136,240],"advantages":[42],"sessions?\"":[46],"media":[47,77],"mode":[48],"is":[49,223,248,254],"independent":[51],"variable,":[52],"characterized":[53],"by":[54],"four":[55],"nominal":[56],"values":[57],"derived":[58],"from":[59,82,126],"mixture":[61],"asynchronous":[63,68],"discussion":[64],"forums,":[65],"here":[66],"called":[67],"learning":[69],"networks":[70],"(ALN),":[71],"with":[72,137,241],"various":[73],"levels":[74],"use.":[78],"Data":[79],"were":[80,89,92,110,154],"collected":[81],"29":[83],"course":[84],"sections,":[85],"for":[86,263],"which":[87],"instructors":[88,134],"interviewed,":[90],"surveyed":[93],"online":[94,105],"investigate":[96],"their":[97,168,184],"perceptions":[98],"use":[101,228,253],"courses,":[106],"university":[108],"records":[109],"determine":[113],"grade":[114],"distributions.":[115],"The":[116,221],"percentage":[117],"participating":[120],"scheduled":[122,210],"varied":[125],"5%":[127],"50%":[129],"many":[131],"report":[135,179],"organizing":[138],"well":[142],"ideas":[144],"about":[145,158],"how":[146],"it":[149,233,247],"better":[150,193],"\"next":[151],"time.\"":[152],"Instructors":[153],"nevertheless":[155],"generally":[156],"positive":[157],"potential":[160],"usefulness":[161],"terms":[166],"ability":[169],"bring":[171],"closer":[174],"instructor.":[177],"They":[178],"some":[180],"small":[181],"success":[182],"first":[185],"session":[187],"experience":[190],"leads":[191],"facilitation":[194],"subsequent":[196],"sessions.":[197],"Students":[198],"significantly":[199,256],"find":[200,232],"more":[202,214],"'rewarding'":[203,234],"less":[205],"'complex'":[206],"classes":[208],"that":[209,224,251],"two":[212],"or":[213],"times":[215],"than":[216],"asynchronous-only":[219],"classes.":[220],"implication":[222],"when":[225],"actually":[227],"not":[236,249,255],"'complex.'":[237],"Given":[238],"implementation":[242],"sessions,":[245],"however,":[246],"surprising":[250],"its":[252],"related":[257],"predicted":[259],"improvements":[260],"outcomes":[262],"courses.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}