{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2554202969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/healthcom.2016.7749446","title":"An approach to localization in crowded area","display_name":"An approach to localization in crowded area","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2554202969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/healthcom.2016.7749446","mag":"2554202969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/healthcom.2016.7749446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/healthcom.2016.7749446","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031254894","display_name":"Md Osman Gani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Osman Gani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050575838","display_name":"Golam Mushih Tanimul Ahsan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Golam Mushih Tanimul Ahsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111570559","display_name":"Duc Do","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duc Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112262251","display_name":"Drew Williams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Williams Drew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032179025","display_name":"Mohammed Balfas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Balfas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074256511","display_name":"Sheikha Iqbal Ahamed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheikha Iqbal Ahamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101970885","display_name":"Muhammad Arif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-9872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Arif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027244982","display_name":"Ahmed Kattan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3239-4692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed J. Kattan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031254894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3675,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67010037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hajj","display_name":"Hajj","score":0.8807578682899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6863526105880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6645509004592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5777198672294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5200709700584412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5084335207939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4566059112548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.44858598709106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-tracking","display_name":"Location tracking","score":0.41539761424064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36068716645240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30606627464294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3039896488189697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.30301791429519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islam","display_name":"Islam","score":0.27214938402175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.13808870315551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1030036211013794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234915","display_name":"Hajj","level":3,"score":0.8807578682899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6863526105880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6645509004592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5777198672294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5200709700584412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5084335207939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4566059112548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.44858598709106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019020692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Location tracking","level":2,"score":0.41539761424064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36068716645240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30606627464294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3039896488189697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.30301791429519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.27214938402175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.13808870315551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1030036211013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/healthcom.2016.7749446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/healthcom.2016.7749446","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9136077","https://openalex.org/W127475754","https://openalex.org/W1809001740","https://openalex.org/W1980289476","https://openalex.org/W1980969984","https://openalex.org/W2006328507","https://openalex.org/W2021442039","https://openalex.org/W2028709610","https://openalex.org/W2037436048","https://openalex.org/W2049002296","https://openalex.org/W2080510998","https://openalex.org/W2089145589","https://openalex.org/W2093264982","https://openalex.org/W2095234119","https://openalex.org/W2102758665","https://openalex.org/W2106226434","https://openalex.org/W2133110704","https://openalex.org/W2142908542","https://openalex.org/W2149310344","https://openalex.org/W2151673354","https://openalex.org/W2154003794","https://openalex.org/W2543978355","https://openalex.org/W6600375488","https://openalex.org/W6605204927","https://openalex.org/W6645498508","https://openalex.org/W6659799496","https://openalex.org/W6682624432"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107179269","https://openalex.org/W2230088181","https://openalex.org/W1921621982","https://openalex.org/W4285411586","https://openalex.org/W2593280956","https://openalex.org/W2004312940","https://openalex.org/W1909961747","https://openalex.org/W1938318326","https://openalex.org/W1969479488","https://openalex.org/W2013033228"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Every":[0],"year":[1],"millions":[2,209],"of":[3,26,40,55,138,149,190,198,210,219,222],"people":[4],"gather":[5],"at":[6,19],"Makkah,":[7,213],"Saudi":[8],"Arabia":[9],"during":[10,226],"the":[11,24,52,86,139,150,182,227],"Hajj,":[12,228],"an":[13,34,147,196],"annual":[14],"Islamic":[15],"pilgrimage.":[16],"The":[17,177,203],"area":[18,63],"Makkah":[20],"is":[21,185,231],"small,":[22],"and":[23,36,108,145,158,168,174],"number":[25],"attendees":[27],"increases":[28],"each":[29],"year,":[30],"which":[31],"has":[32],"created":[33],"ongoing":[35],"ever":[37],"increasing":[38],"problem":[39],"crowd":[41],"management.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46,162],"present":[47],"our":[48],"integrated":[49],"solution":[50],"to":[51,88,103,133,187,233],"localization":[53],"challenge":[54],"tracking":[56],"specific":[57],"users":[58,191,211],"in":[59,93,112,212],"a":[60,90,105,121,129,165,169],"highly":[61],"crowded":[62,237],"where":[64,214],"GPS":[65],"signal":[66],"may":[67],"be":[68,101,126,142,206],"weak":[69],"or":[70],"even":[71],"unavailable.":[72],"Smartphone":[73],"based":[74],"Human":[75],"Activity":[76],"Recognition":[77],"(HAR)":[78],"uses":[79],"various":[80],"sensors":[81],"that":[82,97,124,181],"are":[83,109],"built":[84],"into":[85],"smartphone":[87],"sense":[89],"person's":[91,106],"activity":[92],"real":[94],"time.":[95],"Applications":[96],"incorporate":[98],"HAR":[99],"can":[100,125],"used":[102,207],"track":[104],"movements":[107],"very":[110],"useful":[111],"areas":[113],"such":[114],"as":[115],"health":[116],"care.":[117],"We":[118],"also":[119],"propose":[120],"group-tracking":[122],"mechanism":[123],"applied":[127],"when":[128],"group":[130,140],"member":[131],"appears":[132],"get":[134],"lost.":[135],"Other":[136],"members":[137],"will":[141,205],"immediately":[143],"notified":[144],"receive":[146],"estimation":[148],"lost":[151,225],"member's":[152],"location.":[153],"Using":[154],"wireless":[155],"signals":[156],"(RSSI)":[157],"inertial":[159],"sensor":[160],"data,":[161],"have":[163,216],"developed":[164],"mathematical":[166],"model":[167],"system":[170,184,204],"for":[171],"both":[172],"outdoor":[173],"indoor":[175],"localization.":[176],"experimental":[178],"results":[179],"show":[180],"proposed":[183],"able":[186],"detect":[188],"locations":[189],"with":[192,195],"high":[193],"accuracy,":[194],"error":[197],"less":[199],"than":[200],"2.5":[201],"meters.":[202],"by":[208],"there":[215],"been":[217],"thousands":[218],"reported":[220],"cases":[221],"pilgrims":[223],"getting":[224],"however,":[229],"it":[230],"scalable":[232],"accommodate":[234],"any":[235],"other":[236],"population.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
