{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157504474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hcc.2002.1046334","title":"First steps in programming: a rationale for attention investment models","display_name":"First steps in programming: a rationale for attention investment models","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157504474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hcc.2002.1046334","mag":"2157504474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hcc.2002.1046334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hcc.2002.1046334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017575045","display_name":"Alan F. Blackwell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5557-574X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A.F. Blackwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017575045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":233,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13197","display_name":"Spreadsheets and End-User Computing","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13197","display_name":"Spreadsheets and End-User Computing","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7106102705001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.5784600377082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.5661059021949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5584654808044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"Investment (military)","score":0.5226870775222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4515088200569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32366812229156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3200114369392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18592295050621033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1602114737033844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09060743451118469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7106102705001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5784600377082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.5661059021949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5584654808044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5226870775222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4515088200569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32366812229156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3200114369392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18592295050621033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1602114737033844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09060743451118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hcc.2002.1046334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hcc.2002.1046334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.13.8127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.8127","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/afb21/publications/HCC02a.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.98.9432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.98.9432","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dracoquies.us/~cira/school/thesis/bibliography/Alan_F_Blackwell/01046334.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116435353","https://openalex.org/W617431016","https://openalex.org/W1519698894","https://openalex.org/W1522006088","https://openalex.org/W1942492304","https://openalex.org/W1966149901","https://openalex.org/W1967859050","https://openalex.org/W1985512177","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W2002993931","https://openalex.org/W2024677527","https://openalex.org/W2026507183","https://openalex.org/W2054889309","https://openalex.org/W2064189581","https://openalex.org/W2071244092","https://openalex.org/W2077286094","https://openalex.org/W2078045516","https://openalex.org/W2092225199","https://openalex.org/W2099305423","https://openalex.org/W2105225218","https://openalex.org/W2133750853","https://openalex.org/W2143600439","https://openalex.org/W2155643678","https://openalex.org/W2162598207","https://openalex.org/W2315761891","https://openalex.org/W2333863289","https://openalex.org/W2491307753","https://openalex.org/W2983803607","https://openalex.org/W3144156710","https://openalex.org/W4210523969","https://openalex.org/W4236990599","https://openalex.org/W4238998169","https://openalex.org/W4250267379","https://openalex.org/W4323238598","https://openalex.org/W6604666735","https://openalex.org/W6675602891"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088836968","https://openalex.org/W2369480852","https://openalex.org/W2360473631","https://openalex.org/W2897855253","https://openalex.org/W2313927466","https://openalex.org/W2352901769","https://openalex.org/W2743004639","https://openalex.org/W2318277440","https://openalex.org/W2898831967","https://openalex.org/W2012129389"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"into":[1],"the":[2,9,89,95,104,111,116,119],"cognitive":[3,105,124],"aspects":[4],"of":[5,11,98,113,126,133],"programming":[6,30,127,135],"originated":[7],"in":[8,21,27,61,64],"study":[10],"professional":[12,36],"programmers":[13,20],"(whether":[14],"experts":[15],"or":[16,66],"students).":[17],"Even":[18],"\"end-user\"":[19],"previous":[22],"studies":[23],"have":[24,72],"often":[25,71],"worked":[26],"organizations":[28],"where":[29],"is":[31],"recognized":[32],"to":[33,78,87,139],"be":[34,84],"demanding":[35],"work-the":[37],"term":[38],"\"power-user\"":[39],"recognizes":[40],"this":[41,114],"technical":[42],"kudos.":[43],"But":[44],"as":[45],"personal":[46],"computers":[47],"become":[48],"widespread,":[49],"and":[50,75,102],"most":[51],"new":[52],"domestic":[53,65],"appliances":[54],"incorporate":[55],"microprocessors,":[56],"many":[57],"people":[58],"are":[59],"engaging":[60],"programming-like":[62],"activities":[63],"nonprofessional":[67],"contexts.":[68],"Such":[69],"users":[70],"less":[73],"motivation":[74],"more":[76],"obstacles":[77],"programming,":[79],"meaning":[80],"that":[81,107,128],"they":[82],"may":[83],"unlikely":[85],"even":[86],"take":[88],"first":[90,100],"steps.":[91],"This":[92],"paper":[93,117],"analyses":[94],"generic":[96],"nature":[97],"those":[99],"steps,":[101],"identifies":[103],"demands":[106],"characterize":[108],"them.":[109],"On":[110],"basis":[112],"analysis":[115],"proposes":[118],"attention":[120],"investment":[121],"model,":[122],"a":[123,130],"model":[125],"offers":[129],"consistent":[131],"account":[132],"all":[134],"behaviour,":[136],"from":[137],"professionals":[138],"end-users.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}