{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966634179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162448","title":"Multilevel millimeter wave beamforming for wireless backhaul","display_name":"Multilevel millimeter wave beamforming for wireless backhaul","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966634179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162448","mag":"1966634179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162448","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018376224","display_name":"Sooyoung Hur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6863-9092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sooyoung Hur","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101925384","display_name":"Taejoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-9530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taejoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001355478","display_name":"David J. Love","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5922-4787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. Love","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074508621","display_name":"James V. Krogmeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7041-2113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James V. Krogmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044163630","display_name":"Timothy A. Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-6095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63162264","display_name":"Nokia (Australia)","ror":"https://ror.org/05f2ewd15","country_code":"AU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I63162264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy A. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","[Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL 60004]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL 60004]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63162264"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055239311","display_name":"Amitava Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1623-0236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63162264","display_name":"Nokia (Australia)","ror":"https://ror.org/05f2ewd15","country_code":"AU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I63162264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amitava Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","[Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL 60004]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Nokia Siemens Networks, Arlington Heights, IL 60004]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63162264"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93344213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.9608514904975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8746755123138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.728644609451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6740316152572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.5928364992141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5304222702980042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4899241328239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4767252504825592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.4717724323272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linde\u2013buzo\u2013gray-algorithm","display_name":"Linde\u2013Buzo\u2013Gray algorithm","score":0.421376496553421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34515053033828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3208076059818268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2684468924999237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2271929383277893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.9608514904975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8746755123138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.728644609451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6740316152572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.5928364992141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5304222702980042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4899241328239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4767252504825592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4717724323272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93372532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6552455","display_name":"Linde\u2013Buzo\u2013Gray algorithm","level":3,"score":0.421376496553421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34515053033828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3208076059818268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2684468924999237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2271929383277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162448","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W1482426140","https://openalex.org/W1964525612","https://openalex.org/W1988369020","https://openalex.org/W2107420552","https://openalex.org/W2135517533","https://openalex.org/W2138970015","https://openalex.org/W2166486216","https://openalex.org/W2167005403","https://openalex.org/W2169025876","https://openalex.org/W2594532066","https://openalex.org/W4240365558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096936443","https://openalex.org/W2081863301","https://openalex.org/W2352648934","https://openalex.org/W1977098967","https://openalex.org/W2365109233","https://openalex.org/W145510127","https://openalex.org/W2374856816","https://openalex.org/W2378932494","https://openalex.org/W2017514583","https://openalex.org/W2352292447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,68,76],"the":[2,51,70,131,138,153],"projected":[3],"increased":[4],"demand":[5],"for":[6,36],"high":[7],"data":[8],"rate":[9],"mobile":[10],"services,":[11],"interest":[12],"has":[13],"grown":[14],"in":[15,39,73],"new":[16],"cellular":[17],"network":[18],"architectures":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"a":[22,28,33,108,118],"tiered":[23],"networks.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"proposes":[27],"beam":[29,100,123],"searching":[30,87],"algorithm":[31,141],"and":[32,59,137,152],"codebook":[34,91,116,133,154],"design":[35,134,155],"multilevel":[37,115],"beamforming":[38,81,102],"outdoor":[40,47],"millimeter":[41,48,79],"wave":[42,49,80],"communication":[43],"systems.":[44],"In":[45],"an":[46,65,89,98],"scenario,":[50],"received":[52],"signal":[53],"suffers":[54],"from":[55],"severe":[56],"path":[57],"loss":[58],"various":[60],"attenuation":[61],"factors.":[62],"Beamforming":[63],"is":[64,92,104,125,135,142],"essential":[66],"component":[67],"establish":[69],"wireless":[71],"link":[72],"60GHz":[74],"up":[75],"80GHz.":[77],"A":[78,114],"method":[82,110,151],"based":[83,106],"on":[84,107,121],"joint":[85,139],"transmitter-receiver":[86],"of":[88,130],"adaptive":[90,99],"described.":[93],"To":[94],"reduce":[95],"search":[96,140,146,150],"complexity,":[97],"width":[101,124],"technique":[103],"developed":[105],"sub-array":[109],"using":[111],"squinting":[112],"angles.":[113],"having":[117],"hierarchical":[119],"tree-structure":[120],"different":[122],"adaptively":[126],"designed.":[127],"The":[128,148],"performance":[129,157],"proposed":[132,149],"analyzed,":[136],"compared":[143],"with":[144,159],"other":[145],"methods.":[147],"show":[156],"improvement":[158],"small":[160],"complexity.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}