{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2027344671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162335","title":"Connecting the unconnected \u2014 Economic constraints and technical requirements towards a back-haul network for rural areas","display_name":"Connecting the unconnected \u2014 Economic constraints and technical requirements towards a back-haul network for rural areas","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2027344671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162335","mag":"2027344671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162335","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039562413","display_name":"Daniel Henkel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Henkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Detecon Consulting, Bonn, Germany","DETECON Consulting, Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Detecon Consulting, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DETECON Consulting, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074781265","display_name":"Sebastian Englander","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Englander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Detecon Consulting, Bonn, Germany","DETECON Consulting, Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Detecon Consulting, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DETECON Consulting, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075406142","display_name":"Mathias Kretschmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8180-0189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800804238","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/00px80p03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800804238","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098248","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/00trw9c49","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098248","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Kretschmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FOKUS, Sankt Augustin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FOKUS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098248","https://openalex.org/I2800804238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014270502","display_name":"Christian Niephaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7541-780X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800804238","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/00px80p03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800804238","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098248","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/00trw9c49","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098248","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Niephaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FOKUS, Sankt Augustin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FOKUS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098248","https://openalex.org/I2800804238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9294937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1039","last_page":"1044"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4554552435874939}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4554552435874939}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162335","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-208821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-208821.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FOKUS","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/374546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/374546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549535141","https://openalex.org/W2156570890","https://openalex.org/W2248064281","https://openalex.org/W4247255165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2093578348","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2096946506","https://openalex.org/W2766271392","https://openalex.org/W2350741829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rural":[0],"areas":[1,54],"especially":[2,35],"in":[3,31,63,152],"emerging":[4],"countries":[5],"often":[6],"lack":[7],"affordable":[8],"broadband":[9,170],"Internet":[10,171],"connectivity.":[11],"This":[12],"`digital":[13],"divide'":[14],"limits":[15],"the":[16,32,36,49,56,166],"access":[17,67,172],"to":[18,39,59,68,112,173],"knowledge,":[19],"government":[20],"services":[21],"or":[22,76],"health":[23],"care.":[24],"The":[25],"major":[26],"limiting":[27],"factors":[28],"are":[29],"seen":[30],"CAPEX":[33],"and":[34,51,55,141],"OPEX":[37],"related":[38],"traditional":[40,113],"wireless":[41,134],"carrier":[42],"equipment,":[43],"its":[44],"relatively":[45],"large":[46],"energy":[47],"footprint,":[48],"vast":[50],"sparsely":[52],"populated":[53],"low":[57],"revenues":[58],"be":[60,74,107],"collected.":[61],"Since":[62],"many":[64],"rural":[65],"regions":[66],"a":[69,80,84,88,99,149],"power":[70],"grid":[71],"may":[72,106],"not":[73],"available":[75],"highly":[77],"instable,":[78],"ensuring":[79],"24/7":[81],"operation":[82],"of":[83,119,168,177],"cell":[85],"site":[86],"is":[87],"very":[89],"costly":[90],"task.":[91],"To":[92],"address":[93],"these":[94],"issues":[95],"we":[96,147],"have":[97],"developed":[98],"carrier-grade":[100],"heterogeneous":[101],"multi-radio":[102],"back-haul":[103,135],"architecture":[104],"which":[105],"deployed":[108],"as":[109],"an":[110,156],"alternative":[111],"operator":[114],"equipment.":[115,143],"As":[116],"integral":[117],"part":[118],"Detecon's":[120],"PeopleConnect":[121],"eKiosk":[122,163],"business":[123],"model,":[124],"Fraunhofer":[125],"FOKUS'":[126],"Wireless":[127],"Back-Haul":[128],"(WiBACK)":[129],"network":[130],"technology":[131],"provides":[132],"punctual":[133],"connectivity":[136],"while":[137],"building":[138],"on":[139],"cost-effective":[140],"low-power":[142],"In":[144],"this":[145],"paper":[146],"present":[148],"pilot":[150],"scenario":[151],"Maseru,":[153],"Lesotho,":[154],"where":[155],"entrepreneur":[157],"starts":[158],"out":[159],"with":[160,165],"three":[161],"WiBACK-connected":[162],"sites":[164],"goal":[167],"providing":[169],"incrementally":[174],"larger":[175],"parts":[176],"Maseru":[178],"over":[179],"time.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
