{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138885914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431987","title":"Achieving Optimal Performance-Cost Trade-Off in Hierarchical Cell-Free Massive MIMO","display_name":"Achieving Optimal Performance-Cost Trade-Off in Hierarchical Cell-Free Massive MIMO","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138885914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431987"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431987","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129791431","display_name":"Wei Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI),Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI),Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008473850","display_name":"Hans D. Schotten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans D. Schotten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern,Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern,Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129791431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.679638,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1352","last_page":"1357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.8700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.8700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.042500000447034836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.023600000888109207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.633400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5406000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.37860000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7024999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.633400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5406000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431987","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121367139","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2343491855","https://openalex.org/W2609366403","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2974046131","https://openalex.org/W3198664870","https://openalex.org/W3204319232","https://openalex.org/W4281390888","https://openalex.org/W4309353558","https://openalex.org/W4383899467","https://openalex.org/W4402159552","https://openalex.org/W4405974945"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cell-free":[0],"(CF)":[1],"massive":[2,59],"MIMO":[3],"offers":[4],"uniform":[5],"service":[6],"via":[7],"distributed":[8],"access":[9],"points":[10],"(APs),":[11],"which":[12],"impose":[13],"high":[14],"deployment":[15],"costs.":[16],"A":[17],"novel":[18,92],"design":[19],"called":[20],"hierarchical":[21,93],"cell-free":[22],"(HCF)":[23],"addresses":[24],"this":[25,61,115],"problem":[26],"by":[27],"replacing":[28],"some":[29],"APs":[30],"with":[31],"a":[32,77,91],"central":[33],"base":[34],"station,":[35],"thereby":[36],"lowering":[37],"the":[38,53,64,125],"costs":[39],"of":[40,105],"fronthaul":[41,110],"network":[42],"(wireless":[43],"sites":[44],"and":[45,72,89,103,112,130],"fiber":[46],"cables)":[47],"while":[48],"preserving":[49],"performance.":[50],"To":[51],"identify":[52],"optimal":[54,126],"uplink":[55],"configuration":[56],"in":[57],"HCF":[58,119],"MIMO,":[60],"paper":[62,116],"provides":[63],"first":[65],"comprehensive":[66],"analysis,":[67],"benchmarking":[68],"it":[69],"against":[70],"cellular":[71],"CF":[73],"systems.":[74],"We":[75],"develop":[76],"unified":[78],"analytical":[79],"framework":[80],"for":[81],"spectral":[82],"efficiency":[83],"that":[84,118],"supports":[85],"arbitrary":[86],"combining":[87,94,123],"schemes":[88],"introduce":[90],"approach":[95],"tailored":[96],"to":[97],"HCF\u2019s":[98],"two-tier":[99],"architecture.":[100],"Through":[101],"analysis":[102],"evaluation":[104],"user":[106],"fairness,":[107],"system":[108],"capacity,":[109],"requirements,":[111],"computational":[113],"complexity,":[114],"identifies":[117],"using":[120],"centralized":[121],"zero-forcing":[122],"achieves":[124],"balance":[127],"between":[128],"performance":[129],"cost-efficiency.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:54:20.808490","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}