{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138866978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431830","title":"IDS-NGNN: A SmartNIC-based Intrusion Detection System Based on Reduce and Merge Nested Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"IDS-NGNN: A SmartNIC-based Intrusion Detection System Based on Reduce and Merge Nested Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138866978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431830"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130135930","display_name":"Rana Abu Bakar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Abu Bakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna,Pisa,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna,Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130117632","display_name":"Francesco Paolucci","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Paolucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT,Pisa,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT,Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108118283","display_name":"F. Cugini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Cugini","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT,Pisa,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT,Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058796383","display_name":"Juan Jos\u00e9 Vegas Olmos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6796-1602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Jose Vegas Olmos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nvidia,Copenhagen,Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nvidia,Copenhagen,Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066928855","display_name":"Lorenzo De Marinis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1462-3199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo De Marinis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna,Pisa,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna,Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2657","last_page":"2662"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.4880000054836273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.4880000054836273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.2176000028848648,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.10409999638795853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6891999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5083000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-based-intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Anomaly-based intrusion detection system","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6891999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5083000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137524506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2247688","display_name":"Anomaly-based intrusion detection system","level":3,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/588434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11382/588434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766428736","https://openalex.org/W2803831897","https://openalex.org/W2887949427","https://openalex.org/W2964051675","https://openalex.org/W3208773001","https://openalex.org/W4313591247","https://openalex.org/W4353072214","https://openalex.org/W4393150251","https://openalex.org/W4396608759","https://openalex.org/W4396712725","https://openalex.org/W4398183551","https://openalex.org/W4400076000","https://openalex.org/W4401366983","https://openalex.org/W4401410618","https://openalex.org/W4404056938","https://openalex.org/W4404170197","https://openalex.org/W4404468873","https://openalex.org/W4406730719","https://openalex.org/W4408083944","https://openalex.org/W4413886826"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"complexity":[2],"of":[3,10,97],"network":[4,51,100],"attacks":[5],"has":[6],"outpaced":[7],"the":[8,103],"capabilities":[9],"traditional":[11],"intrusion":[12],"detection":[13],"systems":[14],"(IDS),":[15],"which":[16],"often":[17],"rely":[18],"on":[19,108],"flat":[20],"data":[21,101],"structures":[22],"that":[23,41,121],"fail":[24],"to":[25,125],"capture":[26],"complex":[27],"relationships":[28],"within":[29],"networks.":[30],"To":[31],"address":[32],"this":[33],"limitation,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"IDS-NGNN,":[37],"a":[38,47,68,77],"novel":[39],"IDS":[40,111],"integrates":[42],"hardware-offload":[43],"SmartNIC":[44,91],"preprocessing":[45],"with":[46],"nested":[48,78],"graph":[49,79],"neural":[50],"(NGNN)":[52],"architecture.":[53],"Unlike":[54],"standard":[55],"Graph":[56],"Neural":[57],"Networks":[58],"(GNN),":[59],"IDS-NGNN":[60,107,122],"jointly":[61],"captures":[62],"local":[63],"and":[64,84,116,128],"global":[65],"dependencies":[66],"using":[67],"three-layer":[69],"design:":[70],"an":[71,85],"internal":[72],"GNN":[73,87],"for":[74,81,88,135],"host-level":[75],"activity,":[76],"module":[80],"hierarchical":[82],"aggregation,":[83],"external":[86],"inter-host":[89],"communication.":[90],"acceleration":[92],"enables":[93],"efficient":[94],"real-time":[95,136],"processing":[96],"large-scale":[98],"graph-structured":[99],"at":[102],"edge.":[104],"We":[105],"evaluate":[106],"six":[109],"public":[110],"datasets,":[112],"including":[113],"CIC-IDS-2017,":[114],"CSE-CIC-IDS-2018,":[115],"ToN-IoT.":[117],"Experimental":[118],"results":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"achieves":[123],"up":[124],"95%":[126],"accuracy":[127],"92%":[129],"F1-score,":[130],"while":[131],"maintaining":[132],"efficiency":[133],"suitable":[134],"100":[137],"Gbps":[138],"deployments.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}