{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139113405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431716","title":"High-accuracy AoA-based Localization using Hierarchical ML Classifiers in Outdoor Environments","display_name":"High-accuracy AoA-based Localization using Hierarchical ML Classifiers in Outdoor Environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139113405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431716"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05564445","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129766663","display_name":"Bac Trinh-Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148552","display_name":"Equipes Traitement de l'Information et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0592ata02","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142324","https://openalex.org/I4210148552","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I86175216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86175216","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure de l'\u00c9lectronique et de ses Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/03qeacd72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86175216"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bac Trinh-Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["CY Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS,ETIS UMR 8051,FR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CY Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS,ETIS UMR 8051,FR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210148552","https://openalex.org/I86175216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102760383","display_name":"Sara Berri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-842X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148552","display_name":"Equipes Traitement de l'Information et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0592ata02","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142324","https://openalex.org/I4210148552","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I86175216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86175216","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure de l'\u00c9lectronique et de ses Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/03qeacd72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86175216"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Berri","raw_affiliation_strings":["CY Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS,ETIS UMR 8051,FR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CY Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS,ETIS UMR 8051,FR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210148552","https://openalex.org/I86175216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113692282","display_name":"S. K. Teo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sin G. Teo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),Institute for Infocomm Research,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024736417","display_name":"Tram Truong-Huu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1049-9557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tram Truong-Huu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT),Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT),Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053749805","display_name":"Arsenia Chorti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4458-3696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148552","display_name":"Equipes Traitement de l'Information et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0592ata02","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142324","https://openalex.org/I4210148552","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I86175216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86175216","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure de l'\u00c9lectronique et de ses Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/03qeacd72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86175216"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arsenia Chorti","raw_affiliation_strings":["CY Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS,ETIS UMR 8051,FR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CY Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS,ETIS UMR 8051,FR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210148552","https://openalex.org/I86175216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7766122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2180","last_page":"2185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.7788000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.7788000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.05920000001788139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.03359999880194664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.8094000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6574000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.32910001277923584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.8094000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7156999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6574000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6460999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05564445v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05564445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2025 - ), Dec 2025, Taipei, Taiwan. pp.2180-2185, ⟨10.1109/GLOBECOM59602.2025.11431716⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05564445v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05564445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2025 - ), Dec 2025, Taipei, Taiwan. pp.2180-2185, ⟨10.1109/GLOBECOM59602.2025.11431716⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47413554787635803,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2860730260","display_name":"Foundations of future communication networks","funder_award_id":"ANR-22-PEFT-0010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G532648714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16-IDEX-0008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6335059998","display_name":"Network of the Future - End-to-end Security","funder_award_id":"ANR-22-PEFT-0009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6729858903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101139068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6748708539","display_name":"PSI","funder_award_id":"ANR-16-IDEX-0008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2908011467","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W3045512821","https://openalex.org/W3204267514","https://openalex.org/W3215454436","https://openalex.org/W4200369389","https://openalex.org/W4210516329","https://openalex.org/W4285073932","https://openalex.org/W4392158118","https://openalex.org/W7088230365"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,60,161,180],"reliable":[2],"localization":[3,30,197],"is":[4,96],"a":[5,26,39,72,86,97,125,169],"key":[6],"requirement":[7],"for":[8,110,195],"6G":[9],"network":[10],"operations,":[11],"but":[12],"it":[13],"can":[14,158],"be":[15],"particularly":[16],"challenging":[17],"in":[18,85,144,177,182,198],"outdoor":[19,88,136,199],"environments.":[20,202],"In":[21],"this":[22],"paper,":[23],"we":[24],"propose":[25],"machine":[27],"learning":[28],"(ML)\u2013based":[29],"framework":[31],"that":[32,150],"leverages":[33],"angle":[34],"of":[35,62,93,113,190],"arrival":[36],"(AoA)":[37],"as":[38,83],"feature":[40],"extracted":[41],"from":[42],"channel":[43],"state":[44],"information":[45],"(CSI).":[46],"The":[47,90],"proposed":[48,164],"approach":[49,123,166],"employs":[50],"high-resolution":[51],"AoA":[52,192],"estimation":[53,61],"algorithms,":[54],"including":[55],"multiple":[56],"signal":[57,63],"classification":[58],"(MUSIC)":[59],"parameters":[64],"via":[65],"rotational":[66],"invariance":[67],"techniques":[68],"(ESPRIT),":[69],"which":[70],"feed":[71],"hierarchical,":[73],"two-stage":[74,165],"classifier":[75,95],"to":[76,82],"identify":[77],"specific":[78,115],"trajectories":[79],"(hereafter":[80],"referred":[81],"tracks)":[84],"given":[87],"environment.":[89],"first":[91],"stage":[92],"the":[94,114,141,152,163,188],"binary":[98],"line-of-sight":[99],"(LoS)":[100],"/":[101,154],"non-line-of-sight":[102],"(NLoS)":[103],"classifier,":[104],"followed":[105],"by":[106],"region-specific":[107],"multi-class":[108,171],"classifiers":[109],"fine-grained":[111],"identification":[112,156],"LoS":[116,153,178],"or":[117],"NLoS":[118,155,183],"tracks.":[119],"We":[120],"evaluate":[121],"our":[122],"using":[124],"real-world":[126],"massive":[127],"multiple-input":[128],"multiple-output":[129],"(mMIMO)":[130],"orthogonal":[131],"frequency":[132],"division":[133],"multiplexing":[134],"(OFDM)":[135],"CSI":[137],"dataset":[138],"collected":[139],"at":[140],"Nokia":[142],"campus":[143],"Stuttgart,":[145],"Germany.":[146],"Experimental":[147],"results":[148],"show":[149],"i)":[151],"accuracy":[157,174],"reach":[159],"100%,":[160],"ii)":[162],"significantly":[167],"outperforms":[168],"single-stage":[170],"baseline,":[172],"achieving":[173],"over":[175],"98%":[176],"regions":[179],"95%":[181],"regions.":[184],"These":[185],"findings":[186],"demonstrate":[187],"potential":[189],"combining":[191],"with":[193],"ML":[194],"robust":[196],"mMIMO":[200],"propagation":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}