{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392152681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437468","title":"PPO-Based Energy-Efficient Power Control and Spectrum Allocation in In-Vehicle HetNets","display_name":"PPO-Based Energy-Efficient Power Control and Spectrum Allocation in In-Vehicle HetNets","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392152681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437468","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2023 - 2023 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101309314","display_name":"Tianyi Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering,Beijing,China,100084"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering,Beijing,China,100084","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033168204","display_name":"Jun Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5213-8808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering,Beijing,China,100084"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering,Beijing,China,100084","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458459","display_name":"Haijun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3686-6346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology Beijing,Department of Communications Engineering,Beijing,China,100083"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology Beijing,Department of Communications Engineering,Beijing,China,100083","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002265731","display_name":"Arumugam Nallanathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8337-5884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arumugam Nallanathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London,London,U.K","School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London,London,U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384651","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8955-3530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering,Beijing,China,100084"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering,Beijing,China,100084","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101309314"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2631,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56856149,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6334","last_page":"6339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5798460841178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.5573312640190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5300500392913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4565522074699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4422142207622528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-allocation","display_name":"Frequency allocation","score":0.42548424005508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07978382706642151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5798460841178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.5573312640190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5300500392913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4565522074699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4422142207622528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134579502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455619","display_name":"Frequency allocation","level":2,"score":0.42548424005508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07978382706642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437468","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2023 - 2023 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/98177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/98177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2869903415","https://openalex.org/W2919351369","https://openalex.org/W2968764495","https://openalex.org/W2981618170","https://openalex.org/W3089283090","https://openalex.org/W3204496228","https://openalex.org/W3208721518","https://openalex.org/W4226200846","https://openalex.org/W4312283671","https://openalex.org/W4320005495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111375262","https://openalex.org/W2317728013","https://openalex.org/W1991205173","https://openalex.org/W2109048960","https://openalex.org/W2741481635","https://openalex.org/W2338537463","https://openalex.org/W2183644707","https://openalex.org/W2038165453","https://openalex.org/W1885824365","https://openalex.org/W1595657826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,29,37,42,49,61,70,83,109,128,133,164,183,200,205,219,222],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,36,51,64,87,130,209,221],"intelligent":[5,113],"vehicles":[6,46,91],"in":[7,90,123,132],"recent":[8],"years,":[9],"in-vehicle":[10,53,72,114],"heterogeneous":[11],"networks":[12],"(HetNets)":[13],"incorporating":[14],"base":[15],"stations":[16],"(BSs)":[17],"and":[18,47,117,173,186,229],"vehicle":[19],"access":[20],"points":[21],"(VAPs)":[22],"have":[23],"been":[24,104],"widely":[25],"deployed":[26],"to":[27,59,92,126,155,192],"support":[28],"ever-emerging":[30],"diverse":[31],"vehicular":[32],"applications.":[33],"However,":[34],"most":[35,76],"existing":[38],"works":[39],"focused":[40],"on":[41],"HetNets":[43],"covering":[44],"multiple":[45],"considered":[48],"needs":[50],"all":[52],"users":[54,77],"as":[55],"a":[56,146,168,175],"holistic":[57],"entity":[58],"maximize":[60,127],"overall":[62],"performance":[63],"networks,":[65],"which":[66,101,152],"inevitably":[67],"deviates":[68],"from":[69],"local":[71],"HetNet":[73],"quality":[74],"that":[75,199],"are":[78],"concerned":[79],"about.":[80],"Additionally,":[81],"improving":[82],"energy":[84],"efficiency":[85],"(EE)":[86],"mobile":[88],"devices":[89,131,210],"extend":[93],"their":[94,137],"battery":[95],"life":[96],"is":[97,121,153],"another":[98],"significant":[99],"issue,":[100],"has":[102,145],"not":[103],"well":[105],"addressed.":[106],"To":[107],"address":[108],"above":[110],"issues,":[111],"an":[112],"power":[115],"control":[116],"spectrum":[118],"allocation":[119],"mechanism":[120],"proposed":[122,201,223],"this":[124,142],"work":[125],"EE":[129],"cabin":[134],"while":[135],"satisfying":[136],"dynamic":[138,206],"traffic":[139,207],"demands.":[140],"Since":[141],"optimization":[143,159,165,194],"problem":[144,166],"non-convex":[147],"mixed":[148],"integer":[149],"programming":[150],"form,":[151],"difficult":[154],"solve":[156],"with":[157,182,211,216],"traditional":[158],"methods,":[160],"we":[161],"further":[162],"transform":[163],"into":[167],"Markov":[169],"Decision":[170],"Process":[171],"(MDP)":[172],"utilize":[174],"Proximal":[176],"Policy":[177],"Optimization":[178],"(PPO)":[179],"algorithm":[180,202],"combined":[181],"vehicle's":[184],"location":[185],"historical":[187],"channel":[188],"state":[189],"information":[190],"(CSI)":[191],"achieve":[193],"objectives.":[195],"Simulation":[196],"results":[197],"validate":[198],"can":[203],"satisfy":[204],"requirements":[208],"high":[212],"EE.":[213],"Further":[214],"comparison":[215],"baselines":[217],"highlights":[218],"robustness":[220],"scheme":[224],"under":[225],"different":[226],"device":[227],"quantities":[228],"ratios.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}