{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408325582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom52923.2024.10901803","title":"Enhancing Unknown Encrypted Traffic Clustering with Self-Supervised Learning","display_name":"Enhancing Unknown Encrypted Traffic Clustering with Self-Supervised Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408325582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom52923.2024.10901803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom52923.2024.10901803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom52923.2024.10901803","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2024 - 2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101841077","display_name":"Ke Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ke Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019832067","display_name":"Xia Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-8354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073150709","display_name":"Xiaoyan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4172-1977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102981221","display_name":"Guang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5287-0804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665328","display_name":"Ruidong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9905-8952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10091056","display_name":"Kanazawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hwp6a56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10091056"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruidong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kanazawa University,Institute of Science and Engineering,Kanazawa,Japan,920-1192"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kanazawa University,Institute of Science and Engineering,Kanazawa,Japan,920-1192","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10091056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032328549","display_name":"Hua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-0182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Cyber Science & Engineering,Nanjing,China,211189","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101841077"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33388446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7586735486984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7290066480636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.558462917804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5581710338592529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4513111710548401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4428517818450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32524800300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21465623378753662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7586735486984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7290066480636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.558462917804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5581710338592529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4513111710548401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4428517818450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32524800300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21465623378753662}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom52923.2024.10901803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom52923.2024.10901803","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2024 - 2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W3035682985","https://openalex.org/W3080795476","https://openalex.org/W3130955707","https://openalex.org/W3145680685","https://openalex.org/W3197391842","https://openalex.org/W4290874972","https://openalex.org/W4307092192","https://openalex.org/W4309787070","https://openalex.org/W4312530727","https://openalex.org/W4323349687","https://openalex.org/W4387872679","https://openalex.org/W4388440662","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6774314701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W3196155444","https://openalex.org/W4321844043","https://openalex.org/W3210156800","https://openalex.org/W4390062853","https://openalex.org/W4297883248","https://openalex.org/W4255830763","https://openalex.org/W1583266947","https://openalex.org/W4286799911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"malicious":[1,17],"attacks":[2],"are":[3],"launched":[4],"through":[5],"encrypted":[6,19,40,56,61,74,90,101,146,161,183],"traffic":[7,20,62,91,147,162,184],"from":[8,140,149],"unknown":[9,18,34,55,73,89,100,160,186],"proprietary":[10],"network":[11,103],"protocols.":[12],"Timely":[13],"identification":[14],"of":[15,39,46,72,98,113,145,185],"such":[16],"is":[21,28,51],"essential":[22],"for":[23,33],"the":[24,37,44,107,116,143,150,154,170],"defense.":[25],"However,":[26],"it":[27,126,158],"challenging":[29],"to":[30,43,53,86,118,131],"acquire":[31],"labels":[32],"protocols":[35,187],"in":[36,77,153],"context":[38],"traffic.":[41,57],"Due":[42],"lack":[45],"prior":[47,93],"knowledge,":[48],"unsupervised":[49,60],"learning":[50],"adopted":[52],"cluster":[54,88,182],"The":[58],"existing":[59],"clustering":[63,79],"methods":[64],"do":[65],"not":[66],"customize":[67],"feature":[68,134,138,166,172],"extraction":[69],"and":[70,111,188],"representation":[71,155],"traffic,":[75],"resulting":[76],"imperfect":[78],"results.":[80],"This":[81],"work":[82],"innovatively":[83],"proposes":[84],"BiFR-SSL":[85,179],"accurately":[87],"without":[92],"knowledge.":[94],"BiFRSSL":[95],"extracts":[96],"features":[97],"each":[99],"bidirectional":[102],"flow":[104,117],"based":[105,163],"on":[106,164],"lengths,":[108],"arrival":[109],"time,":[110],"directions":[112],"packets":[114],"within":[115],"construct":[119],"a":[120,133],"Bidirectional":[121],"Flowpic":[122],"Representation":[123],"(BiFR).":[124],"Subsequently,":[125],"exploits":[127],"Self-Supervised":[128],"Learning":[129],"(SSL)":[130],"pre-train":[132],"extractor":[135],"that":[136,178],"produces":[137],"representations":[139,167],"BiFRs,":[141],"guaranteeing":[142],"closeness":[144],"flows":[148],"same":[151],"protocol":[152],"space.":[156],"Finally,":[157],"clusters":[159],"their":[165],"generated":[168],"by":[169],"pre-trained":[171],"extractor.":[173],"Our":[174],"experimental":[175],"studies":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"can":[180],"effectively":[181],"outperforms":[189],"state-of-the-art":[190],"methods.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}