{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320029347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10001280","title":"LCCDE: A Decision-Based Ensemble Framework for Intrusion Detection in The Internet of Vehicles","display_name":"LCCDE: A Decision-Based Ensemble Framework for Intrusion Detection in The Internet of Vehicles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320029347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10001280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10001280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10001280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607705","display_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008822438","display_name":"Li Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9383-1097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western University,London,Ontario,Canada","Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University,London,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University, London, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041270670","display_name":"Abdallah Shami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-0350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdallah Shami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western University,London,Ontario,Canada","Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University,London,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University, London, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101550106","display_name":"G.C. Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4567-8598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110043","display_name":"S2e Technologies (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbr4w52","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110043"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155635","display_name":"Jacobs (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/04tbxet45","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150894","https://openalex.org/I4210155635"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["S2E Technologies,St. Jacobs,Ontario,Canada","S2E Technologies, St. Jacobs, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"S2E Technologies,St. Jacobs,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"S2E Technologies, St. Jacobs, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110043","https://openalex.org/I4210155635"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010986879","display_name":"Stephen de Rusett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110043","display_name":"S2e Technologies (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbr4w52","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110043"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155635","display_name":"Jacobs (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/04tbxet45","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150894","https://openalex.org/I4210155635"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen de Rusett","raw_affiliation_strings":["S2E Technologies,St. Jacobs,Ontario,Canada","S2E Technologies, St. Jacobs, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"S2E Technologies,St. Jacobs,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"S2E Technologies, St. Jacobs, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110043","https://openalex.org/I4210155635"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3545","last_page":"3550"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8270889520645142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.8238359689712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.6993366479873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6195036172866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.612147331237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5293952822685242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5204082727432251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4980442523956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.49449631571769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45242205262184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34552377462387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08036273717880249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8270889520645142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.8238359689712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.6993366479873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6195036172866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.612147331237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5293952822685242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5204082727432251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4980442523956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.49449631571769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45242205262184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34552377462387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08036273717880249}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10001280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10001280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607705","display_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2898623510","https://openalex.org/W2914845865","https://openalex.org/W2959120033","https://openalex.org/W2964022491","https://openalex.org/W2979202956","https://openalex.org/W2981094074","https://openalex.org/W2994866269","https://openalex.org/W3009513989","https://openalex.org/W3045004532","https://openalex.org/W3048313003","https://openalex.org/W3105105644","https://openalex.org/W3118820303","https://openalex.org/W3119621753","https://openalex.org/W3120384685","https://openalex.org/W3136873430","https://openalex.org/W3153970166","https://openalex.org/W3161846591","https://openalex.org/W3163857886","https://openalex.org/W3164321464","https://openalex.org/W3170348203","https://openalex.org/W3200219001","https://openalex.org/W3206674745","https://openalex.org/W4210811253","https://openalex.org/W4213036076","https://openalex.org/W4290996887","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6750729320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2921504876","https://openalex.org/W2183730421","https://openalex.org/W1982580243","https://openalex.org/W2551868243","https://openalex.org/W2348153269","https://openalex.org/W4205613068","https://openalex.org/W3112956360","https://openalex.org/W2004781009","https://openalex.org/W4286284259","https://openalex.org/W2531442779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"vehicles,":[1,7,21],"including":[2],"autonomous":[3],"vehicles":[4],"and":[5,17,24,87,108,149,165],"connected":[6],"have":[8,59],"adopted":[9],"an":[10],"increasing":[11],"variety":[12],"of":[13,30,33,72,115,136,139,155],"functionalities":[14],"through":[15],"connections":[16],"communications":[18],"with":[19,121],"other":[20],"smart":[22],"devices,":[23],"infrastructures.":[25],"However,":[26],"the":[27,31,38,97,134,153,156],"growing":[28],"connectivity":[29],"Internet":[32],"Vehicles":[34],"(IoV)":[35],"also":[36],"increases":[37],"vulnerabilities":[39],"to":[40,129],"network":[41],"attacks.":[42],"To":[43,67],"protect":[44],"IoV":[45,75,145],"systems":[46],"against":[47],"cyber":[48],"threats,":[49],"Intrusion":[50],"Detection":[51],"Systems":[52],"(IDSs)":[53],"that":[54],"can":[55],"identify":[56],"malicious":[57],"cyber-attacks":[58],"been":[60],"developed":[61],"using":[62],"Machine":[63],"Learning":[64],"(ML)":[65],"approaches.":[66],"accurately":[68],"detect":[69],"various":[70,137],"types":[71,138],"attacks":[73],"in":[74],"networks,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"a":[79],"novel":[80],"ensemble":[81],"IDS":[82],"framework":[83],"named":[84],"Leader":[85],"Class":[86],"Confidence":[88],"Decision":[89],"Ensemble":[90],"(LCCDE).":[91],"It":[92],"is":[93],"constructed":[94],"by":[95],"determining":[96],"best-performing":[98],"ML":[99,104],"model":[100],"among":[101],"three":[102],"advanced":[103],"algorithms":[105],"(XGBoost,":[106],"LightGBM,":[107],"CatBoost)":[109],"for":[110,159],"every":[111],"class":[112,118],"or":[113],"type":[114],"attack.":[116],"The":[117],"leader":[119],"models":[120],"their":[122],"prediction":[123],"confidence":[124],"values":[125],"are":[126],"then":[127],"utilized":[128],"make":[130],"accurate":[131],"decisions":[132],"regarding":[133],"detection":[135,161],"cyber-attacks.":[140],"Experiments":[141],"on":[142,162],"two":[143],"public":[144],"security":[146],"datasets":[147],"(Car-Hacking":[148],"CICIDS2017":[150],"datasets)":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"effectiveness":[154],"proposed":[157],"LCCDE":[158],"intrusion":[160],"both":[163],"intra-vehicle":[164],"external":[166],"networks.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
