{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320029274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000736","title":"DeepDefrag: A deep reinforcement learning framework for spectrum defragmentation","display_name":"DeepDefrag: A deep reinforcement learning framework for spectrum defragmentation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320029274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000736"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000736","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607705","display_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/7e50ae73-51d9-4bf2-98a2-6383f9032006","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075349742","display_name":"Ehsan Etezadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Etezadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002587591","display_name":"Carlos Natalino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-5547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Natalino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114072939","display_name":"Renzo Diaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170053871","display_name":"TeliaSonera (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05tqy0n53","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170053871"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renzo Diaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telia AB,Solna,Sweden,16994"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telia AB,Solna,Sweden,16994","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170053871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002000482","display_name":"Anders Lindgren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170053871","display_name":"TeliaSonera (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05tqy0n53","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170053871"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anders Lindgren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telia AB,Solna,Sweden,16994"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telia AB,Solna,Sweden,16994","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170053871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026786597","display_name":"Stefan Melin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170053871","display_name":"TeliaSonera (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05tqy0n53","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170053871"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Melin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telia AB,Solna,Sweden,16994"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telia AB,Solna,Sweden,16994","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170053871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050625327","display_name":"Lena Wosinska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-6554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lena Wosinska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028042424","display_name":"Paolo Monti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-9910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Monti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062212458","display_name":"Marija Furdek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-3700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marija Furdek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering,Gothenburg,Sweden,41296","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3694","last_page":"3699"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7921257019042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7904739379882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blocking","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","score":0.657711923122406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.578323483467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5431292653083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5353503823280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragmentation","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","score":0.5276792645454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5183926224708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5137932896614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.43493422865867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20381739735603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1223650872707367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7921257019042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7904739379882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144745244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927286","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.657711923122406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.578323483467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5431292653083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5353503823280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5276792645454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5183926224708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5137932896614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.43493422865867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20381739735603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1223650872707367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000736","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607705","display_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:534501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10000736","pdf_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/7e50ae73-51d9-4bf2-98a2-6383f9032006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:534501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10000736","pdf_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/7e50ae73-51d9-4bf2-98a2-6383f9032006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320029274.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320029274.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059766883","https://openalex.org/W2089844399","https://openalex.org/W2089983976","https://openalex.org/W2125849389","https://openalex.org/W2165223588","https://openalex.org/W2344321131","https://openalex.org/W2582122157","https://openalex.org/W2765858976","https://openalex.org/W2797425220","https://openalex.org/W2921715893","https://openalex.org/W2944846122","https://openalex.org/W2951309479","https://openalex.org/W2951469844","https://openalex.org/W3082955772","https://openalex.org/W3088426862","https://openalex.org/W3125010020","https://openalex.org/W3185722627","https://openalex.org/W3216772467","https://openalex.org/W3217354009","https://openalex.org/W4200215365","https://openalex.org/W4285196348","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4300142691","https://openalex.org/W6678564678","https://openalex.org/W6804601995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392835431","https://openalex.org/W2126932387","https://openalex.org/W1965371215","https://openalex.org/W2353762239","https://openalex.org/W66314852","https://openalex.org/W2185938410","https://openalex.org/W2484966135","https://openalex.org/W2015050211","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2108990487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exponential":[0],"growth":[1],"of":[2,23,28,34,38,62,81,94,126,142],"bandwidth":[3],"demand,":[4],"spurred":[5],"by":[6],"emerging":[7],"network":[8],"services":[9],"with":[10],"diverse":[11],"characteristics":[12],"and":[13,31,57,78,102,139],"stringent":[14],"performance":[15],"requirements,":[16],"drives":[17],"the":[18,35,59,82,123,127,143,151],"need":[19],"for":[20,68],"dynamic":[21],"operation":[22],"optical":[24],"networks,":[25],"efficient":[26],"use":[27],"spectral":[29],"resources,":[30],"automation.":[32],"One":[33],"main":[36,124],"challenges":[37],"dynamic,":[39],"resource-efficient":[40],"Elastic":[41],"Optical":[42],"Networks":[43],"(EONs)":[44],"is":[45],"spectrum":[46,50,83,144],"fragmentation.":[47],"Fragmented,":[48],"stranded":[49],"slots":[51],"lead":[52],"to":[53,75,84,97,132,137,145],"poor":[54],"resource":[55],"utilization":[56],"increase":[58],"blocking":[60,160],"probability":[61,161],"in-coming":[63],"service":[64],"requests.":[65],"Conventional":[66],"approaches":[67],"Spectrum":[69],"Defragmentation":[70],"(SD)":[71],"apply":[72],"various":[73],"criteria":[74],"decide":[76],"when,":[77],"which":[79,135,140],"portion":[80],"defragment.":[85],"However,":[86],"these":[87,109],"polices":[88],"often":[89],"address":[90,108],"only":[91],"a":[92,114],"subset":[93],"tasks":[95],"related":[96],"defragmentation,":[98],"are":[99],"not":[100],"adaptable,":[101],"have":[103],"limited":[104],"automation":[105],"potential.":[106],"To":[107],"issues,":[110],"we":[111],"propose":[112],"DeepDefrag,":[113],"novel":[115],"framework":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118],"reinforcement":[119],"learning":[120],"that":[121],"addresses":[122],"aspects":[125],"SD":[128],"process:":[129],"determining":[130],"when":[131],"perform":[133],"de-fragmentation,":[134],"connections":[136],"reconfigure,":[138],"part":[141],"reallocate":[146],"them":[147],"to.":[148],"DeepDefrag":[149],"outperforms":[150],"well-known":[152],"Older-First":[153],"First-Fit":[154],"(OF-FF)":[155],"defragmentation":[156,164],"heuristic,":[157],"achieving":[158],"lower":[159],"under":[162],"smaller":[163],"overhead.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
