{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315629998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000609","title":"Modeling Ledger Dynamics in IOTA Blockchain","display_name":"Modeling Ledger Dynamics in IOTA Blockchain","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315629998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607705","display_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086708329","display_name":"Fengyang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-5308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129353","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/038cdme44","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengyang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies,Munich,Germany","Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","Distributed Systems Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed Systems Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035445692","display_name":"Xun Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9852-781X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129353","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/038cdme44","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies,Munich,Germany","Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041702790","display_name":"Artur Hecker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-2686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129353","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/038cdme44","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artur Hecker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies,Munich,Germany","Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004847496","display_name":"Schahram Dustdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6872-8821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129353","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/038cdme44","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schahram Dustdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies,Munich,Germany","Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7195122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2650","last_page":"2655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tangle","display_name":"Tangle","score":0.7801532745361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6798503398895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.5599450469017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.556425929069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.5284664034843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5175175666809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.5113208293914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareto-distribution","display_name":"Pareto distribution","score":0.4999074935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.36960482597351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30706799030303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18652009963989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10155287384986877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.08638805150985718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177738377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7683003","display_name":"Tangle","level":2,"score":0.7801532745361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6798503398895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.5599450469017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.556425929069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.5284664034843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5175175666809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.5113208293914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190373308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837683","display_name":"Pareto distribution","level":2,"score":0.4999074935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.36960482597351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30706799030303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18652009963989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10155287384986877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.08638805150985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10000609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607705","display_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481161909","https://openalex.org/W1992778005","https://openalex.org/W2005126631","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2018708100","https://openalex.org/W2057464142","https://openalex.org/W2067247412","https://openalex.org/W2075261997","https://openalex.org/W2081594277","https://openalex.org/W2115748897","https://openalex.org/W2154923088","https://openalex.org/W2489125130","https://openalex.org/W2888779032","https://openalex.org/W2963169426","https://openalex.org/W3005974372","https://openalex.org/W3029410543","https://openalex.org/W3098503635","https://openalex.org/W3100918075","https://openalex.org/W3112167948","https://openalex.org/W3135839026","https://openalex.org/W3151157462","https://openalex.org/W6746554579"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226088185","https://openalex.org/W2810405473","https://openalex.org/W2979776202","https://openalex.org/W2949445060","https://openalex.org/W4298013519","https://openalex.org/W2800938687","https://openalex.org/W3135632358","https://openalex.org/W3177205310","https://openalex.org/W4287703679","https://openalex.org/W3045674728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IOTA":[0,27,95,106,146,161,179],"blockchain":[1],"is":[2,11,81,104,154],"a":[3,20,32,52,68,109,158,171],"new":[4],"type":[5],"of":[6,132,174,178],"distributed":[7],"ledger":[8,29,48,77],"systems":[9],"that":[10,105,128],"lightweight":[12],"without":[13],"mining":[14],"and":[15,122],"feeless-of-using.":[16],"Rather":[17],"than":[18],"using":[19],"chain":[21],"structure":[22],"as":[23],"in":[24,51,65],"traditional":[25],"blockchains,":[26],"organizes":[28],"records":[30],"with":[31],"directed":[33],"acyclic":[34],"graph":[35],"(DAG),":[36],"called":[37],"Tangle.":[38],"When":[39],"message":[40],"entries":[41],"are":[42,151],"committed":[43],"into":[44],"the":[45,47,76,90,129,175],"ledger,":[46],"tangle":[49,78,96,107],"grows":[50],"special":[53],"way":[54],"where":[55],"multiple":[56],"messages":[57],"could":[58],"be":[59],"attached":[60],"by":[61,145],"different":[62],"processing":[63],"nodes":[64],"parallel.":[66],"Such":[67],"unique":[69],"evolution":[70],"process":[71],"motivates":[72],"us":[73],"to":[74],"study":[75],"dynamics,":[79],"which":[80,153],"unexplored":[82],"so":[83],"far.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86],"paper,":[87],"we":[88],"present":[89],"first":[91],"generative":[92,167],"modeling":[93],"for":[94,157],"based":[97],"on":[98,139],"stochastic":[99],"analysis.":[100],"A":[101],"key":[102],"finding":[103],"renders":[108],"double":[110],"Pareto":[111],"Lognormal":[112],"(dPLN)":[113],"distribution,":[114],"rather":[115],"not":[116],"typical":[117],"network":[118,162],"models":[119,138],"(e.g.,":[120],"Power-Law":[121],"Exponential":[123],"distributions).":[124],"Quantitative":[125],"comparisons":[126],"show":[127],"fitting":[130],"quality":[131],"our":[133],"model":[134,149,168],"outperforms":[135],"existing":[136],"popular":[137],"official":[140],"real":[141],"world":[142],"datasets":[143],"published":[144],"Foundation.":[147],"Estimated":[148],"parameters":[150],"provided,":[152],"immediately":[155],"instrumental":[156],"more":[159],"realistic":[160],"generator":[163],"design.":[164],"The":[165],"proposed":[166],"also":[169],"provides":[170],"deeper":[172],"understanding":[173],"internal":[176],"mechanics":[177],"network.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
