{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210553340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685922","title":"Exploiting Passive Beamforming of Smart Speakers to Monitor Human Heartbeat in Real Time","display_name":"Exploiting Passive Beamforming of Smart Speakers to Monitor Human Heartbeat in Real Time","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210553340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607714","display_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693759","display_name":"Zhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4711-4251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767820","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01hsx4r68","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Computer Science,Beijing,China","State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Computer Science,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082241536","display_name":"Fusang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-8021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767820","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01hsx4r68","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fusang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Computer Science,Beijing,China","State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Computer Science,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102940693","display_name":"Siheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-3191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767820","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01hsx4r68","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Computer Science,Beijing,China","State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Computer Science,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066621776","display_name":"Beihong Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3683-4034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767820","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01hsx4r68","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beihong Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Computer Science,Beijing,China","Beijing Key Laboratory on Integration and Analysis of Large-scale Stream Data, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Computer Science,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory on Integration and Analysis of Large-scale Stream Data, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72062699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.8499045372009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7933168411254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6650480031967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.42185837030410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3490038812160492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19554638862609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.11945575475692749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.8499045372009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7933168411254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6650480031967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.42185837030410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3490038812160492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19554638862609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.11945575475692749}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607714","display_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7640854054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072450,61802373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017475793","https://openalex.org/W2065726711","https://openalex.org/W2125056386","https://openalex.org/W2525771685","https://openalex.org/W2612397987","https://openalex.org/W2793102850","https://openalex.org/W2900184860","https://openalex.org/W2980158021","https://openalex.org/W2991446963","https://openalex.org/W3009214421","https://openalex.org/W3117863277","https://openalex.org/W4254635126"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4385543909","https://openalex.org/W3039320222","https://openalex.org/W3199640442","https://openalex.org/W1898280036","https://openalex.org/W2315807364","https://openalex.org/W2382278803","https://openalex.org/W2376695684","https://openalex.org/W1982967776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"cardiac":[1],"diseases":[2],"have":[3],"become":[4],"one":[5],"of":[6,108,110,128,151],"the":[7,39,59,70,75,89,95,106,121,126,148],"biggest":[8],"health":[9],"concerns.":[10],"Existing":[11],"heartbeat":[12,63,77,123],"monitoring":[13,143],"methods":[14],"either":[15],"require":[16],"dedicated":[17],"intrusive":[18],"devices":[19],"(e.g.,":[20],"ECG":[21,158],"devices)":[22],"that":[23,32,136],"suffer":[24],"high":[25],"costs":[26],"or":[27,159],"leverage":[28],"video":[29],"camera":[30],"analyses":[31],"are":[33],"light-sensitive.":[34],"In":[35,65],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"leveraging":[38],"acoustic":[40,129],"signals":[41],"sent":[42],"by":[43,48],"a":[44,49,54,81,100,140],"speaker":[45],"and":[46,61,93,98,124],"received":[47],"microphone":[50],"array,":[51],"we":[52,68,79],"develop":[53],"prototype":[55,115,138],"system":[56],"to":[57,73,87,104,118,157],"achieve":[58],"contactless":[60],"low-cost":[62],"monitoring.":[64],"particular,":[66],"while":[67],"exploit":[69],"passive":[71],"beamforming":[72],"enhance":[74],"user's":[76],"signal,":[78],"design":[80],"filtering":[82],"method":[83,103],"in":[84],"frequency":[85],"domain":[86],"remove":[88],"line-of-sight":[90],"(LoS)":[91],"impact":[92],"retain":[94],"target-reflected":[96,111],"signals,":[97],"propose":[99],"wideband":[101],"time-delay":[102],"estimate":[105,120],"direction":[107],"arrival":[109],"signal.":[112],"Thus,":[113],"our":[114,137],"is":[116,155],"able":[117],"robustly":[119],"human":[122],"push":[125],"limit":[127],"sensing":[130],"range.":[131],"The":[132],"experimental":[133],"results":[134],"show":[135],"achieves":[139],"heart":[141],"rate":[142],"at":[144],"1.7":[145],"m":[146],"with":[147],"estimation":[149],"error":[150],"0.5":[152],"bpm,":[153],"which":[154],"comparable":[156],"other":[160],"contact-based":[161],"solutions.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}