{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210630707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685821","title":"BPFL: A Blockchain Based Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Scheme","display_name":"BPFL: A Blockchain Based Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Scheme","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210630707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607714","display_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083797440","display_name":"Naiyu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naiyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University,China","School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068280217","display_name":"Wenti Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-5738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenti Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University,China","School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090064722","display_name":"Zhitao Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-8621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhitao Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University,China","School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060514022","display_name":"Xiaojiang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-9671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojiang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Hoboken,NJ,USA,07030"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Hoboken,NJ,USA,07030","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916222","display_name":"Mohsen Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8862229585647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8621768951416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8485252857208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.8398746252059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.7298884391784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.5990827679634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.557388186454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.5384658575057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5137323141098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5043498277664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4676605761051178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compromise","display_name":"Compromise","score":0.448013037443161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2844983637332916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.14134830236434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08130821585655212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8862229585647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8621768951416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8485252857208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.8398746252059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7298884391784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.5990827679634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.557388186454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.5384658575057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5137323141098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5043498277664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4676605761051178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.448013037443161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2844983637332916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.14134830236434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08130821585655212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607714","display_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/35988","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85127273099&origin=inward","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400014","display_name":"Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","host_organization_name":"Qatar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G110746512","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u80fd\u6e90\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7535\u529b\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513639492","https://openalex.org/W2020765652","https://openalex.org/W2021079631","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2159145942","https://openalex.org/W2283463896","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2752689052","https://openalex.org/W2980277939","https://openalex.org/W2984693664","https://openalex.org/W3051272477","https://openalex.org/W3095859802","https://openalex.org/W4289276743","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6743821447","https://openalex.org/W6756226953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801622120","https://openalex.org/W2164141394","https://openalex.org/W2947510282","https://openalex.org/W2363701519","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W2292786713","https://openalex.org/W3212491810","https://openalex.org/W4292794330","https://openalex.org/W4392660679","https://openalex.org/W2956355137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0,87],"Learning":[1,10,88],"(FL),":[2],"which":[3,92,117],"allows":[4],"multiple":[5],"participants":[6],"to":[7,51,109],"co-train":[8],"machine":[9],"models":[11,124],"without":[12],"exposing":[13],"local":[14,123],"data,":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17],"recognized":[18],"as":[19,95],"a":[20,83],"promising":[21],"method":[22],"in":[23,29],"the":[24,30,33,43,53,56,75,96,120,135,144,147],"past":[25],"few":[26],"years.":[27],"However,":[28],"FL":[31,62,148],"process,":[32],"server":[34],"side":[35,45],"may":[36,46],"steal":[37],"sensitive":[38],"information":[39],"of":[40,55,70,100,122,146],"users,":[41],"while":[42,125],"client":[44],"also":[47],"upload":[48],"malicious":[49],"data":[50],"compromise":[52],"training":[54],"global":[57],"model.":[58,149],"Most":[59],"existing":[60],"privacy-preservation":[61],"schemes":[63],"seldom":[64],"deal":[65],"with":[66],"threats":[67],"from":[68],"both":[69],"these":[71],"two":[72],"sides":[73],"at":[74],"same":[76],"time.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"Blockchain":[84],"based":[85],"Privacy-preserving":[86],"scheme":[89,137],"named":[90],"BPFL,":[91],"uses":[93],"blockchain":[94],"underlying":[97],"distributed":[98],"framework":[99],"FL.":[101],"Homomorphic":[102],"encryption":[103],"and":[104,114,130,142],"Multi-Krum":[105],"technology":[106],"are":[107],"combined":[108],"achieve":[110,139],"ciphertext-level":[111],"model":[112,115],"aggregation":[113],"filtering,":[116],"can":[118,138],"guarantee":[119],"verifiability":[121],"realizing":[126],"privacy-preservation.":[127],"Security":[128],"analysis":[129],"performance":[131,145],"evaluation":[132],"prove":[133],"that":[134],"proposed":[136],"enhanced":[140],"security":[141],"improve":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}