{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226147398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685574","title":"Neural Calibration for Scalable Beamforming in FDD Massive MIMO with Implicit Channel Estimation","display_name":"Neural Calibration for Scalable Beamforming in FDD Massive MIMO with Implicit Channel Estimation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226147398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607714","display_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-116386/1/116386.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067566729","display_name":"Yifan Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101694397","display_name":"Yifei Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-9145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028609226","display_name":"Xianghao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-8712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433167","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025467937","display_name":"Shenghui Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-8415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.H. Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong","The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","Division of ISD, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of ISD, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079052203","display_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Dept. of ECE,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7339200973510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6786835193634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6708991527557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6250826120376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6161231994628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5864782333374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5761824250221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5079594254493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.4903002083301544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4747740924358368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4382014572620392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4081171154975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21917065978050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14242058992385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13618206977844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12704098224639893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7339200973510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6786835193634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6708991527557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6250826120376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6161231994628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5864782333374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5761824250221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5079594254493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.4903002083301544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4747740924358368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4382014572620392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4081171154975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21917065978050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14242058992385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13618206977844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12704098224639893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607714","display_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-116386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-116386","pdf_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-116386/1/116386.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-116386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-116386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-116386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-116386","pdf_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-116386/1/116386.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226147398.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226147398.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2130134073","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2975471211","https://openalex.org/W3005526854","https://openalex.org/W3013594094","https://openalex.org/W3096252532","https://openalex.org/W3111499798","https://openalex.org/W3126373016","https://openalex.org/W3130026012","https://openalex.org/W4288574671","https://openalex.org/W6759127422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365807906","https://openalex.org/W2157864637","https://openalex.org/W4223416141","https://openalex.org/W2105999282","https://openalex.org/W1922070205","https://openalex.org/W2136902318","https://openalex.org/W2561058892","https://openalex.org/W4380894509","https://openalex.org/W4224872188","https://openalex.org/W4285223123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Channel":[0],"estimation":[1],"and":[2,113,120,173],"beamforming":[3],"play":[4],"critical":[5],"roles":[6],"in":[7,166,175],"frequency-division":[8],"duplexing":[9],"(FDD)":[10],"massive":[11],"multiple-input":[12],"multiple-output":[13],"(MIMO)":[14],"systems.":[15],"However,":[16],"these":[17],"two":[18,24],"modules":[19,77],"have":[20],"been":[21],"treated":[22],"as":[23],"stand-alone":[25],"components,":[26],"which":[27],"makes":[28],"it":[29],"difficult":[30],"to":[31,56,91,124,144],"achieve":[32],"a":[33,42,85,146],"global":[34],"system":[35],"optimality.":[36],"In":[37,99],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40],"propose":[41],"deep":[43,81],"learning-based":[44],"approach":[45,73],"that":[46],"directly":[47],"optimizes":[48],"the":[49,52,57,63,69,76,93,96,101,108,114,136,155,158,170],"beamformers":[50],"at":[51],"base":[53],"station":[54],"according":[55],"received":[58],"uplink":[59],"pilots,":[60],"thereby,":[61],"bypassing":[62],"explicit":[64],"channel":[65,111],"estimation.":[66],"Different":[67],"from":[68],"existing":[70],"fully":[71],"data-driven":[72],"where":[74],"all":[75],"are":[78,122],"replaced":[79],"by":[80],"neural":[82,86,148,160],"networks":[83],"(DNNs),":[84],"calibration":[87,161],"method":[88,162],"is":[89,118,141],"proposed":[90,159],"improve":[92],"scalability":[94,174],"of":[95,103,135,157,168],"end-to-end":[97],"design.":[98],"particular,":[100],"backbone":[102],"conventional":[104],"time-efficient":[105],"algorithms,":[106],"i.e.,":[107],"least-squares":[109],"(LS)":[110],"estimator":[112],"zero-forcing":[115],"(ZF)":[116],"beamformer,":[117],"preserved":[119],"DNNs":[121],"leveraged":[123],"calibrate":[125],"their":[126],"inputs":[127],"for":[128],"better":[129],"performance.":[130],"The":[131],"permutation":[132],"equivariance":[133],"property":[134],"formulated":[137],"resource":[138],"allocation":[139],"problem":[140],"then":[142],"identified":[143],"design":[145],"low-complexity":[147],"network":[149],"architecture.":[150],"Simulation":[151],"results":[152],"will":[153],"show":[154],"superiority":[156],"over":[163],"benchmark":[164],"schemes":[165],"terms":[167],"both":[169],"spectral":[171],"efficiency":[172],"large-scale":[176],"wireless":[177],"networks.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
