{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225725412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685294","title":"Load Balancing for Communication Networks via Data-Efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Load Balancing for Communication Networks via Data-Efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225725412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607714","display_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022267948","display_name":"Di Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7419-9903"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Di Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021430632","display_name":"Jikun Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jikun Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049702508","display_name":"Yi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8541-2658"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Tian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455139","display_name":"Hang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-6195"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103241142","display_name":"Jimmy Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1090-7004"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimmy Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329832","display_name":"Xi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5395-4295"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078746457","display_name":"Dmitriy Rivkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-4831"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitriy Rivkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058737924","display_name":"Michael Jenkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2969-0012"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Jenkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055179722","display_name":"Taeseop Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taeseop Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Korea (South)","Samsung Electronics, Korea (South)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Korea (South)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Korea (South)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032599348","display_name":"Intaik Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Intaik Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Korea (South)","Samsung Electronics, Korea (South)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Korea (South)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Korea (South)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100372152","display_name":"Xue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-3442"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075441381","display_name":"Gregory Dudek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5040-4925"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Dudek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022267948"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98244868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"07"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.9054901003837585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.843334436416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.8168436884880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6453172564506531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5117923617362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-network","display_name":"Telecommunications network","score":0.44039782881736755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.42549100518226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.41493889689445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.41452085971832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35960525274276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32844382524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2532235383987427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.9054901003837585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.843334436416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.8168436884880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6453172564506531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5117923617362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.44039782881736755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.42549100518226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.41493889689445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.41452085971832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35960525274276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32844382524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2532235383987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607714","display_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92675024","https://openalex.org/W1606682796","https://openalex.org/W1978826181","https://openalex.org/W2000011732","https://openalex.org/W2010585744","https://openalex.org/W2019421046","https://openalex.org/W2057822631","https://openalex.org/W2088921872","https://openalex.org/W2131157345","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2296150051","https://openalex.org/W2334782222","https://openalex.org/W2478454054","https://openalex.org/W2552600366","https://openalex.org/W2616985635","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2787938642","https://openalex.org/W2824027552","https://openalex.org/W2912073028","https://openalex.org/W2949561945","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W3003222026","https://openalex.org/W3013858924","https://openalex.org/W3100707094","https://openalex.org/W6603711313","https://openalex.org/W6635988183","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6721237847","https://openalex.org/W6729891722","https://openalex.org/W6734517396","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6748839928","https://openalex.org/W6785281613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2315999538","https://openalex.org/W1583194654","https://openalex.org/W2185389245","https://openalex.org/W187740018","https://openalex.org/W1964245459","https://openalex.org/W2162286586","https://openalex.org/W2162063029","https://openalex.org/W2944222538","https://openalex.org/W2563943286","https://openalex.org/W2022863591"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Within":[0],"a":[1,68,126,132],"cellular":[2],"network,":[3],"load":[4,22,74,113,122],"balancing":[5,23,75,123],"between":[6],"different":[7],"cells":[8],"is":[9,34,101,159],"of":[10,18,56,70,86,103],"critical":[11],"importance":[12],"to":[13,37,44,47,72,110,139,162],"network":[14,112],"performance":[15,154],"and":[16,28,130,158],"quality":[17],"service.":[19],"Most":[20],"existing":[21],"algorithms":[24,60],"are":[25,42],"manually":[26],"designed":[27],"tuned":[29],"rule-based":[30,40],"methods":[31],"where":[32],"near-optimality":[33],"almost":[35],"impossible":[36],"achieve.":[38],"These":[39],"meth-ods":[41],"difficult":[43],"adapt":[45],"quickly":[46],"traffic":[48],"changes":[49],"in":[50,61,107],"real-world":[51],"environments.":[52],"Given":[53],"the":[54,91,97,104,120,146,152],"success":[55],"Reinforcement":[57],"Learning":[58],"(RL)":[59],"many":[62],"application":[63],"domains,":[64],"there":[65],"have":[66,89],"been":[67],"number":[69],"efforts":[71,88],"tackle":[73],"for":[76,93],"communication":[77,121],"systems":[78],"using":[79],"RL-based":[80],"methods.":[81],"To":[82],"our":[83],"knowledge,":[84],"none":[85],"these":[87],"addressed":[90],"need":[92],"data":[94],"efficiency":[95],"within":[96],"RL":[98,109],"framework,":[99],"which":[100],"one":[102],"main":[105],"obstacles":[106],"applying":[108],"wireless":[111],"balancing.":[114],"In":[115],"this":[116],"paper,":[117],"we":[118],"formulate":[119],"problem":[124],"as":[125],"Markov":[127],"Decision":[128],"Process":[129],"propose":[131],"data-efficient":[133],"transfer":[134],"deep":[135],"reinforcement":[136],"learning":[137],"algorithm":[138],"address":[140],"it.":[141],"Experimental":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"that":[145],"proposed":[147],"method":[148],"can":[149],"significantly":[150],"improve":[151],"system":[153],"over":[155],"other":[156],"baselines":[157],"more":[160],"robust":[161],"environmental":[163],"changes.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}