{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3076174359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322089","title":"Deep Learning-based Signal Strength Prediction Using Geographical Images and Expert Knowledge","display_name":"Deep Learning-based Signal Strength Prediction Using Geographical Images and Expert Knowledge","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3076174359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322089","mag":"3076174359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2020 - 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07747","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023087733","display_name":"Jakob Thrane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0056-4503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Thrane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","Technical University of Denmark,Department of Photonics Engineering,Kongens Lyngby,Denmark,2800"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark,Department of Photonics Engineering,Kongens Lyngby,Denmark,2800","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048151334","display_name":"Benjamin Sliwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-8261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200332995","display_name":"TU Dortmund University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k97gp34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Sliwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Networks Institute, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany","Communication Networks Institute, TU Dortmund University,Dortmund,Germany,44227"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Networks Institute, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Networks Institute, TU Dortmund University,Dortmund,Germany,44227","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048759517","display_name":"Christian Wietfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7653-2589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200332995","display_name":"TU Dortmund University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k97gp34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Wietfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Networks Institute, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany","Communication Networks Institute, TU Dortmund University,Dortmund,Germany,44227"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Networks Institute, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Networks Institute, TU Dortmund University,Dortmund,Germany,44227","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069309470","display_name":"Henrik Lehrmann Christiansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9558-3493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrik L. Christiansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","Technical University of Denmark,Department of Photonics Engineering,Kongens Lyngby,Denmark,2800"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark,Department of Photonics Engineering,Kongens Lyngby,Denmark,2800","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0737,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72125274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7435396909713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5839667320251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5742192268371582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5333162546157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5170419812202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.5116007924079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-propagation","display_name":"Radio propagation","score":0.5114761590957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4798973798751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.47084924578666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.4673607349395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.4529910385608673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.443809449672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.43630772829055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4303589463233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4100439250469208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2503562569618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16524171829223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11807519197463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.11560696363449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.09911182522773743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7435396909713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5839667320251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5742192268371582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5333162546157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5170419812202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.5116007924079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.5114761590957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4798973798751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47084924578666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.4673607349395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4529910385608673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.443809449672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.43630772829055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4303589463233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4100439250469208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2503562569618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16524171829223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11807519197463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.11560696363449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.09911182522773743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GLOBECOM 2020 - 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2008.07747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.07747","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3076174359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/8162d76b-ca30-452b-a8ca-a49b6cb9f97c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/8162d76b-ca30-452b-a8ca-a49b6cb9f97c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Thrane , J , Sliwa , B , Wietfeld , C &amp; Christiansen , H L 2020 , Deep Learning-based Signal Strength Prediction Using Geographical Images and Expert Knowledge . in Proceedings of 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference . , 9322089 , IEEE , 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference , Taipei , Taiwan, Province of China , 07/12/2020 . https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM42002.2020.9322089","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.07747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2008.07747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2008.07747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.07747","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6939178362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB 876","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323153","funder_display_name":"Danmarks Tekniske Universitet"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323153","display_name":"Danmarks Tekniske Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3076174359.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3076174359.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490921409","https://openalex.org/W2202232411","https://openalex.org/W2602726343","https://openalex.org/W2800696436","https://openalex.org/W2807864322","https://openalex.org/W2808605385","https://openalex.org/W2942152519","https://openalex.org/W2942480541","https://openalex.org/W2952516720","https://openalex.org/W2961758773","https://openalex.org/W2963020121","https://openalex.org/W2963049813","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2982037468","https://openalex.org/W2990899218","https://openalex.org/W2999146029","https://openalex.org/W3000408141","https://openalex.org/W3009345526","https://openalex.org/W3098133185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123855443","https://openalex.org/W3200813303","https://openalex.org/W3165173652","https://openalex.org/W3206403566","https://openalex.org/W2547283346","https://openalex.org/W2528519608","https://openalex.org/W2609007592","https://openalex.org/W3208808915","https://openalex.org/W3094150548","https://openalex.org/W3099527008","https://openalex.org/W2986121528","https://openalex.org/W2810804011","https://openalex.org/W628668948","https://openalex.org/W2784155249","https://openalex.org/W2245090237","https://openalex.org/W2891886452","https://openalex.org/W2183562546","https://openalex.org/W2976251942","https://openalex.org/W2599811448","https://openalex.org/W2258904898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Methods":[0],"for":[1,11,19,75],"accurate":[2],"prediction":[3,131],"of":[4,13,27,45,54,89,110,146,159,167],"radio":[5,82],"signal":[6,40,56],"quality":[7,41,57],"parameters":[8,58],"are":[9],"crucial":[10],"optimization":[12],"mobile":[14],"networks,":[15],"and":[16,59,114],"a":[17,69,94,164],"necessity":[18],"future":[20],"autonomous":[21],"driving":[22],"solutions.":[23],"The":[24,43],"power-distance":[25],"relation":[26],"current":[28],"empirical":[29,46],"models":[30,47],"struggles":[31],"with":[32,163],"describing":[33],"the":[34,55,90,100,125,129,153,156],"specific":[35],"local":[36],"geo-statistics":[37],"that":[38,123],"influence":[39],"parameters.":[42],"use":[44],"commonly":[48],"results":[49],"in":[50,138],"an":[51,104],"overor":[52],"under-estimation":[53],"require":[60],"additional":[61],"calibration":[62],"studies.":[63],"In":[64,93],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67,98],"present":[68],"novel":[70,126],"model-aided":[71],"deep":[72],"learning":[73],"approach":[74,127],"path":[76],"loss":[77],"prediction,":[78],"which":[79],"implicitly":[80],"extracts":[81],"propagation":[83],"characteristics":[84],"from":[85],"top-view":[86],"geographical":[87],"images":[88,154],"receiver":[91],"location.":[92],"comprehensive":[95],"evaluation":[96],"campaign,":[97],"apply":[99],"proposed":[101],"method":[102],"on":[103],"extensive":[105],"real-world":[106],"data":[107,176],"set":[108],"consisting":[109],"five":[111],"different":[112,175],"scenarios":[113],"more":[115],"than":[116],"125.000":[117],"individual":[118],"measurements.":[119],"It":[120],"is":[121,171],"found":[122],"1)":[124],"reduces":[128],"average":[130],"error":[132,166],"by":[133,152],"up":[134],"to":[135,140],"53":[136],"%":[137],"comparison":[139],"ray-tracing":[141],"techniques,":[142],"2)":[143],"A":[144],"distance":[145],"250":[147],"-":[148],"300":[149],"meters":[150],"spanned":[151],"offer":[155],"necessary":[157],"level":[158],"detail,":[160],"3)":[161],"Predictions":[162],"root-mean-squared":[165],"\u2248":[168],"6":[169],"dB":[170],"achieved":[172],"across":[173],"inherently":[174],"sources.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
