{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968239462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013808","title":"Irregular Quadrature Amplitude Modulation for Adaptive Physical-Layer Security","display_name":"Irregular Quadrature Amplitude Modulation for Adaptive Physical-Layer Security","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968239462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013808","mag":"2968239462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069631098","display_name":"Hunter Searle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hunter Searle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, UT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024523893","display_name":"Marco Gomes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1124-525X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco A. C. Gomes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074435675","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o P. Vilela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5805-1351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao P. Vilela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042317703","display_name":"Willie K. Harrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-9440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Willie K. Harrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, UT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069631098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46493658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"abs 1504 6526","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.7967574000358582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qam","display_name":"QAM","score":0.6829042434692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.682817280292511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation-diagram","display_name":"Constellation diagram","score":0.6736906170845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.5934981107711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.46994879841804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.45384496450424194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.44065824151039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.435280442237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.4348439872264862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","score":0.4330601096153259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43207159638404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4277767241001129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.4101230502128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4028751850128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.35429954528808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29569804668426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.252626895904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.1679791510105133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13969078660011292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11588439345359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10346168279647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.08677259087562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08131766319274902}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.7967574000358582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59030546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265371","display_name":"QAM","level":5,"score":0.6829042434692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.682817280292511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185837786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782940","display_name":"Constellation diagram","level":4,"score":0.6736906170845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.5934981107711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.46994879841804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.45384496450424194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.44065824151039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.435280442237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.4348439872264862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.4330601096153259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43207159638404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4277767241001129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.4101230502128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4028751850128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.35429954528808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29569804668426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.252626895904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.1679791510105133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13969078660011292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11588439345359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10346168279647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08677259087562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08131766319274902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsarchive.byu.edu:studentpub_uht-1090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/87","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196308","display_name":"ScholarsArchive  (Brigham Young University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","host_organization_name":"Brigham Young University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Undergraduate Honors Theses","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58580312","https://openalex.org/W252932944","https://openalex.org/W582116410","https://openalex.org/W949353694","https://openalex.org/W1565176535","https://openalex.org/W1842857484","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2057105694","https://openalex.org/W2094729371","https://openalex.org/W2117842133","https://openalex.org/W2124602541","https://openalex.org/W2125708942","https://openalex.org/W2262889796","https://openalex.org/W2267971756","https://openalex.org/W2289891760","https://openalex.org/W2559116103","https://openalex.org/W2735103456","https://openalex.org/W2783828747","https://openalex.org/W2808441571","https://openalex.org/W2963877571","https://openalex.org/W4234572373","https://openalex.org/W6638801318","https://openalex.org/W6674289511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082947723","https://openalex.org/W2134787684","https://openalex.org/W2162782586","https://openalex.org/W1600065361","https://openalex.org/W2380145154","https://openalex.org/W3145176641","https://openalex.org/W4289337235","https://openalex.org/W2776889143","https://openalex.org/W2314551182","https://openalex.org/W3139451426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"adding":[2],"an":[3,115],"irregular":[4],"quadrature":[5],"amplitude":[6],"modulation":[7],"(QAM)":[8],"constellation":[9],"to":[10,17,27,57,59,72],"a":[11,90,97,121],"wireless":[12],"transmission":[13],"scheme":[14],"in":[15,47],"order":[16],"obtain":[18],"greater":[19],"control":[20],"over":[21],"the":[22,30,34,39,48,51,55,64,76,80,94,109],"signal-to-noise":[23],"ratio":[24],"(SNR)":[25],"required":[26,41],"successfully":[28],"decode":[29,75],"signal.":[31],"By":[32],"altering":[33],"separation":[35],"between":[36],"adjacent":[37],"symbols,":[38],"minimum":[40],"SNR":[42],"is":[43],"raised":[44],"without":[45],"degradation":[46],"performance":[49],"of":[50,111],"scheme.":[52,125],"This":[53],"allows":[54],"system":[56],"adapt":[58],"preferable":[60],"channel":[61],"conditions":[62],"for":[63,70,118],"authorized":[65],"user,":[66],"making":[67,79],"it":[68],"harder":[69],"eavesdroppers":[71],"intercept":[73],"and":[74],"transmission,":[77],"thus":[78],"communication":[81],"safer.":[82],"In":[83],"addition,":[84],"we":[85],"show":[86,108],"that":[87],"by":[88],"overlaying":[89],"coset":[91],"code":[92],"onto":[93],"QAM":[95],"constellation,":[96],"new,":[98],"stronger":[99],"security":[100],"gap":[101],"metric":[102],"can":[103],"be":[104],"further":[105],"improved.":[106],"Results":[107],"effectiveness":[110],"this":[112],"strategy":[113],"with":[114,120],"interleaved":[116],"coding":[117],"secrecy":[119],"hidden":[122],"key":[123],"(ICSHK)":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}