{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126829678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342887","title":"A Privacy-Preserving and Overhead-Free Protocol for Direct Donations to People Impacted by COVID-19 Lockdowns","display_name":"A Privacy-Preserving and Overhead-Free Protocol for Direct Donations to People Impacted by COVID-19 Lockdowns","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126829678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342887","mag":"3126829678"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342887","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353151","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6472-9261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106879","display_name":"Ohio University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jr3y717","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153792","display_name":"University School","ror":"https://ror.org/05ap66461","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio University,School of EECS,Athens,Ohio,U.S.A.,45701"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio University,School of EECS,Athens,Ohio,U.S.A.,45701","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879","https://openalex.org/I4210153792"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011482056","display_name":"Lisa Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-9777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106879","display_name":"Ohio University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jr3y717","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153792","display_name":"University School","ror":"https://ror.org/05ap66461","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio University,School of EECS,Athens,Ohio,U.S.A.,45701"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio University,School of EECS,Athens,Ohio,U.S.A.,45701","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879","https://openalex.org/I4210153792"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9089,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76410545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9203000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6691499352455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5998230576515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5907049179077148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.584662139415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5514925718307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.47489920258522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lock","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","score":0.45871618390083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.4579041004180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3296850323677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14060291647911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11072149872779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.10483923554420471}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6691499352455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5998230576515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5907049179077148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.584662139415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5514925718307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.47489920258522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.45871618390083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4579041004180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3296850323677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14060291647911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11072149872779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.10483923554420471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342887","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205698903","https://openalex.org/W4400613637","https://openalex.org/W4294968941","https://openalex.org/W4283819461","https://openalex.org/W4390279739","https://openalex.org/W4205413867","https://openalex.org/W3179695362","https://openalex.org/W2363983170","https://openalex.org/W4394620624","https://openalex.org/W3177646415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"COVID-19":[0],"caused":[1],"large-scale,":[2],"long-lasting":[3],"lockdowns":[4],"in":[5,13,16,154,185],"many":[6,14],"parts":[7],"of":[8,83,139],"the":[9,75,84,89,92,101,137,140,157,172,186],"world,":[10],"which":[11],"resulted":[12],"people":[15],"need":[17],"for":[18,61],"financial":[19],"or":[20,132],"other":[21],"aids.":[22],"Governments,":[23],"charities,":[24],"and":[25,35,55,64,88,113,123,192],"communities":[26],"rushed":[27],"to":[28,36,40,69,135,151,161,168],"provide":[29,37,70],"help.":[30],"To":[31],"complement":[32],"these":[33],"efforts":[34],"direct":[38],"assistance":[39,49],"individuals":[41],"who":[42,174],"may":[43],"not":[44],"get":[45],"sufficient":[46],"and/or":[47],"timely":[48],"otherwise,":[50],"we":[51],"designed":[52,149],"a":[53],"privacy-preserving":[54],"overhead-free":[56],"protocol":[57,67,119,147],"named":[58],"\"Fireside":[59],"Help\"":[60],"matching":[62],"donors":[63,93],"people-in-need.":[65],"This":[66,118],"aims":[68],"maximum":[71],"privacy":[72],"protection.":[73],"Only":[74],"assigned":[76],"volunteer":[77],"verifiers":[78],"can":[79,106],"know":[80],"about":[81],"details":[82],"applications":[85],"from":[86,91],"people-in-need":[87],"donations":[90],"that":[94,188],"they":[95],"verified.":[96],"No":[97],"one":[98],"else,":[99],"including":[100],"Fireside":[102],"Help":[103],"system":[104,141,187],"itself,":[105],"gain":[107],"any":[108],"knowledge":[109],"beyond":[110],"digital":[111],"checksums":[112],"information":[114],"intentionally":[115],"made":[116],"public.":[117],"uses":[120],"proven,":[121],"free,":[122],"widely":[124],"available":[125],"hash":[126],"functions":[127],"such":[128],"as":[129],"SHA-256,":[130],"SHA-1,":[131],"MD-":[133],"5":[134],"ensure":[136],"integrity":[138],"without":[142],"revealing":[143],"private":[144],"information.":[145],"The":[146],"was":[148,166],"initially":[150],"help":[152,169],"students":[153],"Wuhan,":[155],"China,":[156],"very":[158],"first":[159],"city":[160],"lock":[162],"down.":[163],"Later,":[164],"it":[165],"revised":[167],"anyone":[170],"around":[171],"world":[173],"has":[175],"been":[176],"impacted":[177],"by":[178],"COVID-19.":[179],"Several":[180],"real-world":[181],"transactions":[182],"were":[183],"completed":[184],"demonstrated":[189],"its":[190],"utility":[191],"robustness.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}