{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093813102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713710","title":"A review of direct and indirect implications of laser land leveling as agriculture resource conservation technology in Punjab province of Pakistan","display_name":"A review of direct and indirect implications of laser land leveling as agriculture resource conservation technology in Punjab province of Pakistan","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093813102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713710","mag":"2093813102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713710","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073927000","display_name":"Leena Maqsood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leena Maqsood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecomm, Information Studies and Media. Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI, USA","Dept. of Telecomm, Inf. Studies & Media, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecomm, Information Studies and Media. Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Telecomm, Inf. Studies & Media, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071055717","display_name":"Tariq Mahmood Khalil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Mahmood Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University. Pullman, WA, USA","Dept. of Biol. Syst. Eng., Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University. Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Biol. Syst. Eng., Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073927000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.48,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71080963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"349","last_page":"354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.8743000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.8743000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13965","display_name":"Laser and Thermal Forming Techniques","score":0.8572999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.8238000273704529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.5534560084342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5435062050819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-economics","display_name":"Agricultural economics","score":0.5254648923873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.507262647151947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.495707631111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.4527067542076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsidy","display_name":"Subsidy","score":0.4519278407096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-machinery","display_name":"Agricultural machinery","score":0.4396674633026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation","display_name":"Irrigation","score":0.4156433343887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-resource-economics","display_name":"Natural resource economics","score":0.3381603956222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3234262466430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.23677653074264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19280904531478882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5534560084342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5435062050819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.5254648923873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.507262647151947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.495707631111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4527067542076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.4519278407096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47136581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000047","display_name":"Agricultural machinery","level":3,"score":0.4396674633026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.4156433343887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.3381603956222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3234262466430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.23677653074264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19280904531478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713710","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595482006","https://openalex.org/W1970883967","https://openalex.org/W2076355905","https://openalex.org/W2185553600","https://openalex.org/W2547682444","https://openalex.org/W2801641600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2276539358","https://openalex.org/W4309036932","https://openalex.org/W3083505014","https://openalex.org/W2099588657","https://openalex.org/W2965628777","https://openalex.org/W2384152552","https://openalex.org/W2348791466","https://openalex.org/W4311723396","https://openalex.org/W2391423113","https://openalex.org/W2388063632"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drawing":[0],"from":[1,81,263],"the":[2,10,20,32,58,68,71,77,82,92,95,99,103,117,138,146,152,169,174,183,190,195,205,213,221,236,242,249,255,281,285,292,296,306],"Conservation":[3],"Model":[4],"of":[5,15,23,35,76,94,112,124,127,131,141,148,164,177,197,207,223,241,248,274,295,305],"Agriculture,":[6],"this":[7],"study":[8],"reviews":[9],"direct":[11,33],"and":[12,44,53,73,122,144,193,219,238,267,299],"indirect":[13,59],"benefits":[14,93,222],"laser":[16,36,96,114,142,153,170,208,224,243,256,286],"land":[17,39,179,184,287],"leveling":[18,37,180,288],"in":[19,49,252],"Punjab":[21,165],"province":[22,304],"Pakistan.":[24],"A":[25,84],"secondary":[26],"research":[27],"is":[28,64,79,88,259],"done":[29],"to":[30,51,66,90,98,116,134,172,181,215,270,276,279],"analyze":[31],"impact":[34],"on":[38],"productivity,":[40,185],"irrigation":[41,45,187],"water":[42,46],"conservation,":[43],"use":[47],"efficiency":[48,196],"comparison":[50],"unleveled":[52],"traditionally":[54],"leveled":[55],"fields.":[56],"Among":[57],"outcomes,":[60],"a":[61,272],"humble":[62],"effort":[63],"made":[65],"review":[67],"profits":[69],"which":[70],"rural":[72,100],"national":[74],"population":[75],"country":[78],"accruing":[80],"technology.":[83],"strong":[85],"public":[86],"commitment":[87],"found":[89],"transfer":[91],"technology":[97,154,225],"masses":[101],"at":[102],"grassroots":[104],"level.":[105],"Various":[106],"government":[107],"initiatives":[108],"such":[109],"as":[110,245],"provision":[111],"subsidized":[113],"units":[115,143,171,209,244],"farmers":[118,133,203,218,231],"owing":[119],"personal":[120],"tractors":[121],"minimum":[123],"25":[125],"acres":[126],"land,":[128],"building":[129],"capacity":[130],"these":[132,200],"acquire":[135],"skills":[136],"for":[137,151],"successful":[139],"operation":[140],"facilitating":[145],"availability":[147],"maintenance":[149,239,257,282],"services":[150],"have":[155,269],"been":[156,290],"well":[157],"implemented.":[158],"Farmers":[159],"now":[160],"across":[161],"31":[162],"districts":[163],"are":[166,210,226,232],"efficiently":[167],"utilizing":[168],"achieve":[173],"highest":[175],"form":[176],"precision":[178],"enhance":[182],"conserve":[186],"water,":[188],"boost":[189],"irrigated":[191],"area,":[192],"increase":[194],"fertilizers.":[198],"Besides,":[199],"medium":[201],"scale":[202,217],"after":[204],"procurement":[206],"also":[211],"subletting":[212],"equipment":[214],"small":[216],"hence,":[220],"trickling":[227],"down.":[228],"Although,":[229],"some":[230],"confronting":[233],"difficulties":[234],"regarding":[235],"operational":[237],"cost":[240],"either":[246],"because":[247],"price":[250],"hike":[251],"diesel":[253],"or":[254],"centre":[258],"situated":[260],"far":[261],"away":[262],"their":[264],"farm":[265],"fields":[266],"they":[268],"take":[271],"journey":[273],"one":[275],"two":[277],"days":[278],"access":[280],"service;":[283],"overall":[284],"has":[289],"improving":[291],"agriculture":[293],"economy":[294],"most":[297],"populated":[298],"area":[300],"wise":[301],"second":[302],"largest":[303],"country.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}