{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135305727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gcwkshps50303.2020.9367555","title":"On TOA-based Ranging over mmWave 5G for Indoor Industrial IoT Networks","display_name":"On TOA-based Ranging over mmWave 5G for Indoor Industrial IoT Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135305727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gcwkshps50303.2020.9367555","mag":"3135305727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/gcwkshps50303.2020.9367555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gcwkshps50303.2020.9367555","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013041102","display_name":"Shah Zeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-9506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shah Zeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015129195","display_name":"Aamir Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3717-7793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aamir Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems & Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems & Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044005980","display_name":"Haris Pervaiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-4682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haris Pervaiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing & Communications, Lancaster University, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing & Communications, Lancaster University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078865165","display_name":"Syed Ali Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8572-7377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Ali Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052274977","display_name":"Muhammad Ikram Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-7494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ikram Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109347729","display_name":"Zexian Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zexian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004012289","display_name":"Mikael Gidlund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-7827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikael Gidlund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems & Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems & Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.9826935529708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.8659189343452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.756126880645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5602127313613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.5597185492515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5593314170837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5207062363624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.49479788541793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4589560627937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.42341727018356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4138539731502533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2823977470397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.24174505472183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.09337612986564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08774343132972717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.9826935529708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.8659189343452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.756126880645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5602127313613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5597185492515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5593314170837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5207062363624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.49479788541793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4589560627937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.42341727018356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4138539731502533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2823977470397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.24174505472183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.09337612986564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08774343132972717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/gcwkshps50303.2020.9367555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gcwkshps50303.2020.9367555","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/dca570fd-701e-48d9-8a86-92e78007501d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/dca570fd-701e-48d9-8a86-92e78007501d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zeb, S, Mahmood, A, Pervaiz, H, Hassan, S A, Ashraf, M I, Li, Z & Gidlund, M 2020, On TOA-based Ranging over mmWave 5G for Indoor Industrial IoT Networks. in 2020 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps. pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCWkshps50303.2020.9367555","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307330","display_name":"Knowledge Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00v64cg28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316481","display_name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104479788","https://openalex.org/W2154452292","https://openalex.org/W2170048674","https://openalex.org/W2519199086","https://openalex.org/W2527530399","https://openalex.org/W2811266402","https://openalex.org/W2883823950","https://openalex.org/W2913562617","https://openalex.org/W2995053006","https://openalex.org/W3006737624","https://openalex.org/W3010349995","https://openalex.org/W3013864432","https://openalex.org/W3045155387"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904654071","https://openalex.org/W3004316703","https://openalex.org/W3149021053","https://openalex.org/W2124974059","https://openalex.org/W2000433025","https://openalex.org/W2215607475","https://openalex.org/W2087203524","https://openalex.org/W3102042721","https://openalex.org/W4232302824","https://openalex.org/W2055784363"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"mmWave":[0,31,81],"frequency":[1],"bands":[2],"have":[3],"gained":[4],"much":[5],"research":[6],"interest":[7],"in":[8,30,42,59,96],"5G":[9],"NR":[10],"for":[11,68,88,118,159],"their":[12],"extreme":[13],"data":[14],"speeds,":[15],"capacity,":[16],"and":[17,51,85,162,169],"availability":[18],"on":[19],"a":[20,60,89],"licensed/unlicensed":[21],"basis.":[22],"As":[23],"the":[24,80,102,110,129,150,154],"propagation":[25,66],"losses":[26],"are":[27,106,166],"very":[28],"high":[29,49],"bands,":[32],"it":[33],"requires":[34],"directional":[35],"beamforming,":[36],"which":[37,122],"can":[38,123],"additionally":[39],"be":[40,125],"beneficial":[41],"time-of-arrival":[43],"(TOA)-based":[44],"ranging":[45,83,103,140],"techniques.":[46],"To":[47],"satisfy":[48],"reliability":[50],"low":[52],"latency":[53],"requirements":[54],"of":[55,64],"industrial":[56,70,91,133],"Internet-of-things":[57],"(IIoT)":[58],"factory":[61,99],"environment,":[62],"estimation":[63],"location-dependent":[65],"delays":[67],"essential":[69],"devices":[71],"is":[72],"critical.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"we":[77],"first":[78],"model":[79],"TOA-based":[82],"coverage":[84],"error":[86,104],"behavior":[87],"single":[90],"device":[92],"at":[93],"various":[94],"distances":[95],"an":[97,116],"indoor":[98,120],"environment.":[100],"Later,":[101],"statistics":[105],"used":[107,126],"to":[108,127,149],"study":[109],"timing":[111,146],"advance":[112],"(TA)":[113],"mechanism":[114],"as":[115],"estimator":[117],"ToA-based":[119],"ranging,":[121],"alternately":[124],"assess":[128],"coordination/synchronization":[130],"accuracy":[131,148],"among":[132],"devices.":[134],"Our":[135],"results":[136],"reveal":[137],"that":[138],"mmWave-based":[139],"performs":[141],"significantly":[142],"better,":[143],"bringing":[144],"over-the-air":[145],"synchronization":[147,157],"nanosecond":[151],"level.":[152],"Specifically,":[153],"observed":[155],"maximum":[156],"errors":[158],"line-of-sight":[160],"(LOS)":[161],"non-LOS":[163],"(NLOS)":[164],"scenarios":[165],"6.4":[167],"ns":[168],"16":[170],"ns,":[171],"respectively.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
